Should Student Loan Debt Be Forgiven?

Most Americans would agree that higher education is important. Compared to years ago, when a high school education was acceptable in most jobs, a college degree is now required in the majority of positions. But what if you can’t afford to get a degree? What then?For many, student loans are the only way to finance one’s education. Paying out of pocket simply isn’t a reality for most, so they rely on state and national government to provide them the funds to attend school, buy textbooks, and even pay for room and board. Sign on the dotted line, and suddenly a subsidized or unsubsidized loan shows up as a credit on your student account.Any overage is paid to you by check to cover incidentals. This process gets repeated every semester, for as long as you attend school. It all seems very easy and acceptable – until you graduate (or don’t graduate, whichever the case may be).The day you leave school, a six-month clock starts ticking toward your first paym ent. Oh wait, you mean school costs money? Sadly, some aren’t able to secure a position right away that can allow them the economic capability to start making payment on their loans. It can take up to two years for some college graduates to find a job.In the meantime, those loans are still due and payable. There are all sorts of possibilities for repayment: income-sensitive plans, unemployment deferments, graduated payments, and even forgiveness programs for certain occupations like nurses, teachers, and public servants.But what about the rest of the debt holders? What happens to them if they can’t make their payments? Student loan debt today approaches $1 trillion dollars, according to the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Even more frightening, the Wall Street Journal reports about 40% of student loan holders are in default or have delayed their payments.Student loan debt has now actually surpassed total credit card debt in the US. There are numerous calls to act ion for possible solutions to this problem. The main issue I have with them is they don’t actually take into effect HOW we got into this position, or how to avoid it from happening again in the future. As part of his re-election bid, President Obama introduced his solution, referred to as the 10-10 plan. This plan allows graduates to only pay 10% of their total income as loan payments, and forgive whatever is left after 10 years.This plan requires a borrower to have a financial hardship, and the payment amount, based on 10% of income, is readjusted yearly. In many cases, this forgiveness will amount to somewhere around 80% of the original loan amount. That seems an awfully steep penalty for the US to pay, simply because they think they can.These borrowers are now, hopefully, out in the work world making a reasonable income so they are actually likely to be able to make payments. Forgiveness at that point is not really necessary. In an income-sensitive repayment plan, the rate of the payment goes up, based on the income of a borrower increasing as well.Rather than forgiving the remainder owed, cutting interest rates or lowering the payment amount seem like better solutions in that they provide assistance to struggling borrowers, but ultimately the debt is repaid.There are others calling for an all-out bailout, similar to the AIG or GE bailout, designed to boost the economy. The hope is those with forgiven loans will put that money back into the economy, at least in the short term. But who’s to say that’s where they’ll put their money? What happens to the next round of graduates? They’ll be graduating with a forgone conclusion that their loans will be forgiven as well.And why not? That’s what a plan like this would lead them to believe. Mitchell Weiss, adjunct professor at the University of Hartford's Barney School of Business in Connecticut, believes any kind of credit is ultimately issued on a sort of trust. â€Å"If I loan you some money, I trust that you're going to pay it back to me,† he says. â€Å"Wholesale forgiveness, amnesty – whatever you want to call it – will fundamentally undermine a process that is thoroughly integrated within our society. † Moreover, it doesn't really solve the problem, says Professor Weiss.A Facebook page started by an angry law school graduate without means to repay his loans has sparked a petition to support a one-time, across the board loan forgiveness. Started by Robert Applebaum, the group calls for an economic boost by forgiving all outstanding government loans.In the petition, Applebaum says, â€Å"Forgiving the student loan debt of all Americans will have an immediate stimulative effect on our economy†. â€Å"With the stroke of the president's pen, millions of Americans would suddenly have hundreds, or in some cases, thousands of extra dollars in their pockets each and every month to spend on ailing sectors of the economy .†Basically, the already strained government would be taking the hit for billions of dollars, based on the hope that this money would find its way back to our local and national economy. The main problem I see is you cannot guarantee this is what will happen. It sets the whole Federal Loan system up for collapse. HR1330 is another bill recently introduced, which could provide some much-needed relief for borrowers. Instead of a bailout, this kind of plan would allow interest-free deferments to borrowers who become unemployed or who are enrolled in the current 10-10 plan.Important to note is that it does limit the forgiveness afforded to new borrowers. But here again, it’s a very short term solution to a very long term issue. People on both sides, and somewhere in the middle, generally have strong opinions about the long-term benefits or non-benefits of a plan like this. CNBC reports the problem with a plan like this is three-fold: â€Å"The losses must be borne by someo ne, likely the taxpayer†. Basically, the money to bail out college graduates from repaying their loans has to come from somewhere. It can also be called a â€Å"moral hazard†, in that it rewards or implicitly encourages imprudent behavior.Also, a one-time bailout of the current loan-holders could strongly encourage future graduates to rely on the possibility of another bailout in the future. As a returning college student with a mountain of student loan debt of my own, I see the problem from the borrower’s perspective. As a Business Management student, though, I also see it through â€Å"Economic Eyes†. At the risk of sounding old and maternal, I think forgiveness only allows the problem to keep repeating for my generation, my children’s generation, and those to come.In the same mentality that I would never buy my child a car outright, for fear they’d have no ownership in it or respect for it, I simply don’t believe that bailing out bo rrowers is a good solution either.I fear we teach our children that so long as there are mountains of others in the same predicament, there is government relief available. The price is ultimately paid in the form of even more national debt. Yes, an economic boost might be favorable in the short term, but the long term effects of that boost will be felt for years afterwards.

Gender Barriers in Communication Essay

Managers today have to face unique challenges while trying to manage a very diverse work force, and keeping communication lines clear and understood is one of these challenges. Remember that for any business, effective communication is an integral key to the success of any organization. No matter which way you look at it, communication flow is important at each and every level in order to function with focus, deliberate and accurate objectives, and controlled consistent results. Effective communication ensures that the communication contents are interpreted and understood in the way that it was intended to. Unfortunately there are barriers that have a negative effect on communication, and one of those barriers is called Gender Barriers in Communication. You are probably wondering just how do Gender Barriers affect Communication, and how did this Barrier develop? Well let’s find out. â€Å"D.E. McFarland has defined Communications as the process of meaningful interaction among human beings†(Jain, n.d., para. 1). We as humans are dependent on Communication in our everyday lives. To be honest, â€Å"the whole world is reliant on communication to complete even the most basic daily functions† (Braedyn, 2010, para. 2). It is the process by which we humans convey our thoughts and ideas verbally, with hope of being perceived and understood in the way the sender meant for it to be understood. With so many methods of communication in our modern day life, we are bombarded with Email, Facebook, Voicemail, memo’s, and phone calls. All of which are forms of communication. Why even the act of rolling your eyes and shrugging fall in as a form of communication. But even with all these forms available at our disposal, miscommunication occurs. â€Å"Gender Barriers are any misunderstanding or confusion in the intended message caused by male and female differences, which results as a communication barrier† (Braedyn, 2010, para. 4). Communication must be understood by both men and women in order to be effective, and in order to fully understand these differences we need to see just how they began. Gender communication differences begin in early childhood, as soon as a child is pegged as either female or male. Gender starts with the assignment to a sex category on the final basis of what the infants genitalia looks like. This sex category becomes the main defining factor as to how this child will be dressed, named, and spoken to. â€Å"The development of a gendered identity starts from the very moment babies are identified as male or female as they experience societal, familial, and cultural interactions† Both males and females are taught different linguistic styles. For instance our childhood is influenced by nursery rhymes that give subtle instruction on how different genders are and should be perceived. â€Å"Snips and snails and puppy dog tails, that’s what little boys are made of. Sugar and spice and everything nice, that’s what little girls are made† (Rafael, n.d., para. 2). These subtle instructions set the stage, and are just the beginning fo r future gender differences. Zittleman states that â€Å"Gender stereotypes have a history that begins with learned beliefs of femininity and masculinity† (Zittleman, 2006). Learned beliefs that allow for reinforcing different behavioral types on our children. For example boys are allowed to have rough language, play loudly, and be rambunctious. They are also taught that it is not seen as being manly if you show emotion by crying, this behavior is reinforced by telling them to be tough and suck it up. Girls on the other hand are taught early on to behave like a lady and to use their manners. They are also told to play quietly, and that it is okay to show your feelings and cry. Crying is allowed on the feminine side. These gender differences have helped to create behaviors and patterns. Men usually are factual, direct, and honest, which explains why they only speak about 7000 words a day. Their communication behaviors that men display usually revolve around competition, rank, power, logic, and reason. Men build relationships as projects are being worked on, and they process information internally when working on making decisions. Female’s method of communication differs largely from that of males. Women are raised to be of the nurturing persuasion, indirect, and very respectful. They have a bad habit of apologizing excessively, and their style is more of a rapport type of talk, whereas males have a more report type style. Women build relationships in order to accomplish specific projects, they are comfortable in communicating about their feelings, relationships, and personal subjects like their feelings and emotions. No wonder women speak on average about 25000 words a day. Another difference in how men and women communicate is how the information they are receiving is being processed. The female and male brain process information very differently. Men process information on their left side of the brain, whereas women use both left and right hemispheres; men process analytically, and women process abstractly. Now that we fully understand the reasons and the differences behind Gender Communication Barriers, what can we do to bridge the differences and proactively improve communication in everyday life? â€Å"Men and women would need to make themselves fully aware of each other’s different communication styles, and be open in trying to break any biases or stereotypes† (Lieberman, n.d., para. 3). In conclusion, even though men and women process information and communicate differently, by working together and understanding each other’s differences they can begin to bridge the gap. Businesses stand to benefit â€Å"by committing to develop a firm culture that recognizes, embraces, and leverages individual differences, you will experience greater productivity, increased morale, higher recruiting and retention rates, and improved financial performance† (American Instritute of CPA’s, 2012, para. 3). References American Instritute of CPA’s. (2012). www.cpa2biz.com Braedyn, A. M. (2010, February 1). Improve Communication Skills. Suite 101. Retrieved from http://suite101.com/article/improve-communication-skills-a196668 Jain, R. (n.d.). The Barriers to Effectivce Communication. Ezine Articles. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?The-Barriers-to-Effective-Communication&id=1210011 Lieberman, S. (n.d.). Gender Communication Differences and Strategies . Retrieved from http://www.simmalieberman.com/articles/genderstrategies.html Rafael, J. K. (n.d.). Why Don’t You Understand? Gender Communication Differences. Hub Pages. Retrieved from http://jillkrapfl.hubpages.com/hub/Why-Dont-You-Understand-Gender-Communication-Differences Zittleman, Karen. (2006). â€Å"Being a Girl and Being a Boy: The Voice of Middle Schoolers.†

Land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Land law - Essay Example There, however, lacks any requirement as pertaining to whether the paper owner should be aware or not of the trespass as can be seen in Rain v Buxton.8 Nonetheless, if the possession is based on a given legal entitlement, then it cannot be termed as adverse. Factual possession: Kevin has taken care of the land and erected a permanent building in the land. The council has not been in possession of the land in this time period while Kevin has been actively using the land for 20 years. Courts must have evidence of the land being possessed as passed in Buckinghamshire County Council v Moran.9 The Council’s possession of the land is limited to shortcuts. The courts need continuous possession with some form of development. Trespass is not sufficient as was seen in the case of Powell v McFarlane.10 Presence of implied licence: The council has not objected for over 20 years despite the fact the Council’s management team uses the land as a shortcut and could see the developments made by Kevin. Implied license is limited by the Limitation Act 1980, schedule 1, paras 8(4). Intention to possess: The courts need proof that trespasser needs to use the land (animus possidendi) as given in Powell v McFarlane.12 The trespasser’s approach to possession does not matter; however, he must have intentions to possess the land exclusively.13 The trespasser must have the intent to take full control of the land and exclude everyone else including the paper

Autobiography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Autobiography - Essay Example Out came a baby girl and my father who was finally relieved, burst laughing; and as immediately possible, cuddled me to his loving arms. Yes that baby girl is me. I am Ola from Saudi Arabia; I was born in May 1984. I grew up in a world of love and care among great parents and six siblings. I was fortunate to live in a large house with a large family. My brothers’ names were Ahmed, Waleed and Bader. My two sisters: one who is older than me and the other is younger, are named Noof and Razan. My father was a teacher and my mother is a full time home-keeper who takes care of me and my siblings. My early childhood experience was filled with memories of remembering my parents as my first teachers and my siblings were my classmates. I did not have any idea about schools, then; but the holistic support and warmth provided by my family was sufficient to fill my early immersion to the world. I remember my father was very strict with me but my mother was flexible and accommodating. At a very young age, my focus was only to play as I spend all my time playing with my oldest sister. My world evolved around my family as the most crucial people in my life. This nuclear family embodied the influence that I plan to share with my children; as it was instrumental in identifying my personal and professional goals. My family have provided the impetus that have driven me to want to excel in all that I do and try to be a good role model for my children along with others I come into contact with. My life, so far, is comprised of a wonderful family, great friends, a small circle of colleagues from a successful classic car restoration business which I envision to assist in supporting and sustaining a bright and productive future. My Personality I am a flexible person, exemplifying a different personality depending on the people I interact with, and the situation. I have assumed different roles as a daughter, sister, wife, mother, student, proprietor, and an active citizen of our local community. I value virtues such as adherence to integrity and respect; and the need to maintain universal peace. When I came to America, I recognized that I have to adapt to the culture and interact through communication patterns and behavior that are commonly expected. I was surprised by the sincere attempt to deal with diverse kinds of people but apparently, majority seemed to be indifferent and inflexible. Despite their reaction, I still like to interrelate with people and respect them for their beliefs, behavior and preferences. I thereby realized that I am more timid with guys than girls because my religion and my culture precluded frequent interaction with the opposite gender. I like meeting new people and I like to learn more on new cultures and ways of life. I am friendly with everyone; have a great humor; am sensitive with tendencies to be intermittently serious. I am a good listener, and I do give good advices. School Life in Saudi Arabia In 1992, in Saudi Arabia, we start the week on Saturdays, not on Mondays, as what people in the United States are accustomed of. I started the first grade in an elementary school by exemplifying mixed feelings of boredom, anxiety, and fear from being parted from my mother. I seemed to be pessimistic at attending academic classes that I remembered crying the whole day. I asked my mother to stay beside me to keep me safe and secure. She went with me to my classes for just two days because this is all the

Introduction of Synthesis of Zinc Iodide Lab Report

Introduction of Synthesis of Zinc Iodide - Lab Report Example The chemical equation (Eqn 1) below presents the synthesis of zinc iodide from its reactants in the presence of water (Sheppard, 1): The technique involved in this experiment is gravimetry, which is defined as the determination of the mass of substances involved in the reaction (â€Å"Gravimetric Analysis†, tamu.edu). Based on the chemical equation, zinc iodide is expected to precipitate from the reaction, and the precipitate is subjected to washing procedure to collect the excess reactants, which are also weighed (Sheppard, 1). Impurities are the unwanted substances in the precipitate and may affect the percent yield of the product obtained which may be brought about by co-precipitation, surface absorption, occlusion and post-precipitation. Surface adsorption happens when impurities present in the mixture are adsorbed during precipitation. Post-precipitation occurs when a different precipitate forms on top of the expected product while in contact with the mother liquor. In the experiment, surface absorption and post-precipitation may likely introduce the impurities in ZnI2, but this can be avoided by thorough washing of the precipitate and careful precipitation during reaction (â€Å"Gravimetric Analysis†, tamu.edu) of zinc and

Critique of the Formal and Informal Piece in Architecture Research Paper

Critique of the Formal and Informal Piece in Architecture - Research Paper Example The purpose of the sorting is to divert the audiences’ attention from playing it as a game to considering the architecture in it. This challenges the status of the environment used in the game as a level since the buildings in the game have become the focus of attention. The architects have given opinions on the design as well as the kind of materials that have been used for the construction of buildings in the video games. Considering the purposefulness of the article, it can be doubted that the article does not serve the interest of the audience that the Journal is primarily meant for i.e. the architects. From the language used in the article, it can be estimated that it is meant for the students and professionals of Architecture alike. â€Å"Tetris can teach us all a lesson in dimensional co-ordination and rotational symmetry† (Patel, 2009). The context was not quite appropriate. If any such sorting was supposed to be carried out, students and professionals in the field of Architecture would have appreciated more if real buildings had been sorted rather than the ones in the video games. Although the study of architecture through video games is a cost-effective way of study, yet it is not quite meaningful as the intent of the developers of the video games was not architecture but fun. Critiquing something on a certain basis for which it was not originally meant is inappropriate. Nevertheless, i f this aspect is overlooked, the critique is quite professional in its content and language. The architects have been very rational in their identification of the drawbacks in architecture introduced in the games. e.g. â€Å"Pagoda roofs sit atop concrete-clad high-density housing towers as a nod to both ancient Eastern building practices and prefabricated modular buildings in the West† (Patel, 2009).  

USA Patriot Act Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

USA Patriot Act - Research Paper Example Although the act has found its share of critics but it is also acclaimed that the act is a success in its own way. Patriot Act was enacted upon by the congress by enormous, bipartisan margin, which assisted the Federal officials with new ways to protect the nation from terrorist activities. The act was essentially passed with almost negligible opposition by both the senate and the house. It was also significantly supported by members throughout the political world. The Patriot Act permits the investigators to incorporate the tools that were already present to investigate and solve the problem of organized crime and drug trafficking. Amongst the tools that are highlighted in the act, has long been practiced to counter organized crime, and drug trafficking. It was also reviewed and approved by the courts. As Biden acknowledges, â€Å"the FBI could get a wiretap to investigate the mafia, but they could not get one to investigate terrorists. The act permits law enforcement to use the procedure of â€Å"surveillance† to reduce terror activities. As acknowledged originally by the department of justice, the act provides a number of essential suggestions to counter terrorist activities. Amongst them, one of the most primary and significant suggestion was the amendments to Federal surveillance laws. This law ensured the governance of capture and tracking of probable terrorists within the boundaries of the USA. The Federal law is comprised of a three tier system. This system was designed for serving two purposes, namely, ensuring the privacy of personal telephone, and computer communication, while assisting authorities to locate and essentially intercept criminal message (Doyle, 2002, p.5). Prior to the Patriot Act, courts could allow Federal officials to carry on electronic surveillances on petty criminals. The Federal agents could also get wiretaps to investigate into crimes that are frequently committed by terrorists . The act enabled the Federal investigators to accumulated information in all kinds of terrorist activities. The activities included the use of chemical weapons, the assassinations of Americans in America or abroad, and even financing terrorism (JUSTICE, n.d., p.1). The act permits the Federal agents to trace sophisticated terrorist, and trained to avoid detection. Since the past decades, the Federal officials have sought the help of â€Å"roving wiretaps† to solve or investigate petty crimes in the state. The usage of â€Å"roving wiretaps† can be certified a judge to apply to a terror suspect, not on a specific communicating device. This was done as foreign terrorists are sophisticated and effectively trained to escape the surveillance measures of the Federal officials. The section 216, of the Patriot Act permits the authorization of trap and traces devices, and also pen registers to be incorporated in tracing and acquiring information in the case of computer convers ations, as well as telephonic conversations. The usage of pen registers and trace devices was once restricted to only judicial districts were it was permitted to be

Spatial City Park and Ride Transport Planning Essay

Spatial City Park and Ride Transport Planning - Essay Example The system is meant to have people park their cars, motorcycles and bicycles at a given place the take a ride in larger vehicle like a bus to complete their journey. The destinations include offices, market places, banks, schools, hospitals, residential areas, entertainment spots, leisure parks, airports, railway stations and city exit highways among others. The transport system must therefore be designed in a way that enables a smooth transition from a personal to a collective mode of transport (Rondanini, 1981, 42). It is important to note that buses used for this purpose are big and clumsy vehicles that need lots of space to turn, park and take off as the services they offer may demand. The main advantage of buses is that they are cheap to move in because they carry a lot of people at a go thus the passengers benefit from economies of scale. Moreover, despite their clumsiness, they are far more versatile than trams and trains which need more room and rails in order to run. They are therefore an integral part of city transport planning (Le Corbusier, 1985, 81). All the same due to their clumsiness, one of the things to avoid in planning is the idea of the Park and Ride buses moving everywhere in the town thus causing snarl ups and a general bad temper among motorists and pedestrians alike. Buses must have specific routes that they use so as to avoid this unpleasant eventuality. However, these routes will prove to be of little use if they do not get the passengers as close to where they wish to go as possible (Le Corbusier, 1985, 81). The London Park and Ride System Plan A close look at the London Plan reveals that all these factors were taken into consideration when the transport system was being designed. Though it is not a building, a road design still has to adhere to the three tenets of architecture identified by the Roman architect Vitruvius being firmitas, utilitas, venustas (durability, utility and beauty) (Rowland & Howe,1999, 2). For the transport system, durability depends on utility in that the roads must continue to serve their purposes without the need to change them. The system also needs to be well made overall for aesthetic value (Rowland & Howe,1999, 2). The London bus plan seen in Fig 1 below was actually set up to ensure that all the major areas were either served directly by bus and other light transit forms such as small goods trucks or the transport was available as close to them as possible. The main transit line cuts right across the city from Notting Hill in the west to Liverpool Street in the east across the river Thames. Links were created along this main line connecting other parts of the city northwards and southwards. The East London transit phase connected the transit lines in the east of the city while the several extensions that were made later connected other areas to the north and south. Tramlinks at The Bus Route System Fig. 1 London Bus Routes (Courtesy of Maps of the World, 2011, Croydon, Purley and Sutton to the south served a similar purpose of connecting the southern areas of t he city (The London Plan, 2011). As seen in Fig 1 above most of the bus routes are concentrated around the center of the city between the Marble Arch and Trafalgar Square. This is because the center of the city is naturally where most of the business and tour activities take place hence a high number of visitors. As stated earlier, the design of these transport system cannot fail to take into consideration the aesthetic value and general heritage of the city. The routes were strategically designed to pas as close as possible to the major landmarks of the city. The landmarks include the Buckingham Palace, Westminster Cathedral, Trafalgar Square, The London Bridge and the three parks of Regent’

Aristotle and the humanities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Aristotle and the humanities - Research Paper Example The Greek philosopher Aristotle made contributions to the humanities through his ideas about art, as well as philosophy, specifically through his ideas regarding ethics and politics. When it came to art, Aristotle’s Poetics was an answer to Plato’s accusation against the artists for their alleged destruction of rational harmony, as stated in the Republic (Wolff 64). In the field of ethics, Aristotle’s Nichomachean Ethics provided the basis for showing how to live one’s life in the virtuous way and helped people of his times decide on which things were more important in their lives and what they could do to make them better.Lastly, it is a fact that ancient Greece during Aristotle’s time was a period of confusion – a time of war among city-states who fought for territorial expansion, a time for poverty and slavery, and a time when the nobility never shared their power with their constituents (â€Å"Explore Greece†). In order to address the current situation and the pressing need for â€Å"order, security and peace† amidst â€Å"the turmoil and disaster that had come out of Athenian democracy† (Durant 80), Aristotle wrote his Politics. Aristotle is relevant to the humanities because his works helped address the aesthetic, ethical and political dilemmas surrounding the Greek society in the 4th century BC, and helped shaped the thinking of the Greeks during his time as well as that of the world at present. Aesthetics: Poetics Aristotle’s rationale as to aesthetics is that â€Å"art takes us closer to essential form, not farther away† (Wolff 65). He means here that through the study of art and through the study of the works of man, man himself is able to learn a great deal not only about himself but also about his essence. Wolff’s statement further implies that people who observe art, according to Aristotle, may just be observing certain specific things but through which, they can â €Å"grasp the real nature of things.† (65) The Poetics also tells the reader about Aristotle’s theory of catharsis, which means that â€Å"art has a psychologically healthy effect on the spectator† (64). According to Wolff, this statement implies that art is an effective means of self-expression and one which brings not only wisdom but also release (64). However, these principles contradict those of Plato. In the Republic, Plato criticizes art as something that destroys the rational capacity of man and something that leads him away from the world of forms, which, according to Plato was the real world (64). However, Aristotle maintains that not only does art promote a healthy psychological make-up but that it also leads one to a realization of his essence. These teachings of Aristotle has remained helpful not only to the Greeks of his time but even to the world at present, thus Aristotle’s relevance to the humanities. Ethics: The Nichomachean Ethics Aristo tle’s contributions to aesthetics cannot, however, equal those he gave ethics. It is a fact that the ideas of right and wrong, of good and evil, and of morality itself can never be derived from scientific inquiry but only through the humanities, specifically through ethics. Aristotle’s glorious masterpiece on ethics, the Nichomachean Ethics, has provided people the guidelines on how to live a virtuous life since the time of 4th century BC Greece until now. In the Nichomachean Ethics, Aristotle makes it clear that â€Å"the good for man is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue [or] the best and most perfect [virtue]† (Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, I.7). This virtue, or moral virtue, that Aristotle has ascribed most of his ethical principles on is â€Å"the submission of one’s feelings and outward acts to reason (Kilcullen) since â€Å"man, in the Aristotelian system, is a rational animal† (Durant 59). The key words therefore are †Å"rational† and â€Å"reason† and it follows that one who abides by the dictates of his reason is one is who is virtuous. This simply means that if one does

Museum art techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Museum art techniques - Essay Example The viewing audience enjoys the history of origin of man and major social transitions that has characterized various generations. In regard to Alpers’ opinion, art is an integral part of human history. Duncan rekindles the past memories on the ancient world and the series of changes that characterize the society through generations. In other words, some of the past cultural aspects of various communities are represented by museum artifacts. Comparative analysis of ancient civilization and modern culture between the west and the rest of the world generally offers a ritual connectivity. In essence, Museums constitutes structures that are associated with past cultural norms and special building in which artifacts and records are kept. Although viewing is done by people of diverse socio-economic and political backgrounds, the aim is always homogeneous. This mostly lies in the curious nature of man to explore and experience diversity of humanity. The concept of museum entails various issues that include religious artifacts, communal art and connotation of

Gram Staining and Distilled Water Essay Example for Free

Gram Staining and Distilled Water Essay The purpose of this experiment was to learn how to properly perform a gram stain and to also understand how gram staining can help identify either gram-positive or gram-negative organisms in the laboratory. The materials needed for this experiment included: two microorganisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas fluorescens) in a slant agar, an inoculating loop, a microscope slide, distilled water, a Bunsen burner, four dyes (crystal violet, Grams iodine, ethyl alcohol, and safranin), bibulous paper, and a dye tray. The method for this experiment was as follows: 1) Cleaned the microscope slide with both soap and water and then dried 2) Flamed the inoculating loop with the Bunsen burner and then applied two small drops of water to each side (horizontally) of the slide 3) Flamed the inoculating loop again, allowed it to cool, and obtained a small sample of the first organism 4) Mixed the organisms on the inoculating loop with one of the drops of the water on the slide and spread to a nickel-sized drop 5) Repeated steps 3 and 4 for the other organism using the second water drop on the slide 6) Allowed the samples to dry and then heat fixed both samples. Applied the crystal violet dye, let it soak for 20 seconds, and then washed the dye away with distilled water off into the dye tray 8) Applied the Grams iodine and let it soak for a minute 9) Washed it off with alcohol for 20 seconds (or until the dye stopped running), and then immediately washed with the distilled water 10) Applied the counter-stain, safranin, and let it soak for a minute. 11) Washed with distilled water after and gently blotted it dry with bibulous paper 12) Observed both microorganisms on slide under the microscope Two different results were observed under the microscope. The first one was purple colored cocci, and the picture of the slide is on the following page. The second one revealed pink-colored rods, and the image is on the page following the first microorganisms. The results of the experiment came out as expected. There didnt seem to be any flaws in the experiment, since the colors were distinctly different. The purple cocci were identified as the Staphylococcus aureus. Because the violet dye penetrated the membrane and stained it, it was recognized as a gram-positive organism. The pink rods were Pseudomonas florescens. It was discovered to be a gram-negative organism because the organism didnt stain from the crystal violet. Since everything was easily identifiable, the experiment seemed to have gone as planned.

Causes and Solutions for Hurricanes

Causes and Solutions for Hurricanes In the south Pacific they are called cyclones. In the northern Pacific Ocean they are called typhoons. In the Atlantic Ocean areas they are called hurricanes. One thing is for certain in regard to these phenomenon, they can all be extremely dangerous. The only major difference between all of them is the locations in which they occur. For the purposes of this paper we will refer to the phenomena as hurricanes. The seasons for tropical cyclones vary depending on their location on Earth. Most tropical cyclones form between May to October but in the pacific there have been storms form as early as January. Hurricanes are some of the most powerful weather events on the planet. They can cause millions of dollars in property damage and have the potential to cause the loss of human life on a large scale. These monstrosities, especially in the Atlantic Ocean, can grow to enormous proportions and cover many square miles. These storms usually forms in the tropical regions of an ocean hence the name tropical cyclone. They are fast rotating systems that arecharacterized by low pressure centers, strong winds, and a spiral storms that produce heavy rains. They can produce winds in excess of 155 miles per hour and have been recorded gusting as high as 210 mph. Hurricanes require large bodies of warm water in order to form. There are seven different categories for â€Å"hurricanes.† The first category is a tropical depression in which winds are less than 40 miles per hour and there is no formed â€Å"eye† of the storm. They also usually lack the spiral shape of stronger storms, howeve r, they are still low pressure systems at this point. The next category is a tropical storm in which winds range from 40 mph to 73 mph. It is at this point when the storm begins to form its spiral shape and winds begin to move in a cyclonic motion. In a few instances the storm has actually formed an eye, although it is usually not very pronounced or developed. The next category is the first stage where a tropical cyclone officially becomes a hurricane or full tropical cyclone. The Saffir-Simpson scale is what is used to determine which one of the following categories a full hurricane falls into. The first is known as a category 1 storm where winds range from 74 mph to 95 mph and the winds can cause slight damage to well built homes and will likely cause power outages due to branches falling on power lines. Category 2 hurricanes have sustained wind speeds from 96 mph to 110 mph. In this category even well-built structures will sustained heavy roof damage as well as possible structura l damage. Power loss is almost certain to happen and stay out for days. Category 3 storms are the beginning of what are considered major hurricanes, meaning cyclones that are capable of causing massive damage and high loss of life. They have sustained winds from 111 mph to 129 mph. This is when many trees begin to snap and have the potential to turn into flying debris which can cause a large amount of damage to many of the buildings and windows. A category 4 storm has winds from 130 mph to 156 mph and will cause major damage such as total destruction of a building’s roof and possible full structural collapse. Large loss of life is expected during a storm as powerful as this. The final and most powerful classification of tropical cyclone is a category 5. These monstrosities have winds 157 mph and stronger. Damage should be expected to be widespread and utterly catastrophic. Power lines and other utilities are usually knocked out for weeks on end. This makes many rural areas un inhabitable for a decent amount of time. One of the most powerful storms ever recorded at landfall was Typhoon Haiyan which topped out at over 195 mph. This storm occurred in the Pacific Ocean near the Philippines. The loss of life was enormous killing almost 6300 people in the Philippines alone and as of 2014 they are still finding bodies. Another very powerful category 5 hurricane was Hurricane Andrew which made landfall in Florida as a category 5 and caused over 26 billion dollars in damage. One thing is for sure and that is that a tropical cyclone no matter what the category has the potential to cause major damage and can also cause loss of life. Many people do not heed the warnings when a â€Å"smaller† storm is approaching and they get caught in the path and ultimately lose their lives because of it. This is unfortunate, however, actions can be taken to prevent such things from happening. In recent years research has shown that with the warming of the earth tropical cyclones have started to produce more rainfall. In the past 100 years it has been determined that the warmer climate will produce an increase of 8% more water vapor for every 1 degree Celsius the temperature increases. More rainfall means a higher potential for flash flooding once the cyclone makes landfall which means more property damage as well as higher risk for loss of life Cyclone Ita is the most powerful storm to form in the southern Pacific Ocean in three years. The storm began around the Solomon Islands as a tropical depression on April 1st. It finally reached cyclone strength four days later. On the 10th it quickly gained strength to a category 5. It made landfall in the Cooktown/ Cape Flattery area in Queensland Australia on April 12th at 2200 (local time) as a category 4 storm. Upon Ita’s landfall the storm weakened very fast down to a category 1 storm. There was over $1 billion dollars in damage. One building was destroyed and 4 buildings were severely damaged in Cooktown. The damage also included large tracts of sugar cane and a banana plantation was completely destroyed. Cyclone Ita then began to move southeast maintaining gale-force winds the storm accelerated, eventually moving back to the ocean just north of a town called Mackay which is also in Queensland on April 13th. After it moved off of the land and back to the waters off the c oast it began to gain strength again as it combined with a low pressure system near New Zealand. It made landfall in New Zealand on the 17th of April and the inner eye wall collapsed which helped to dissipate the storm. The storm brought heavy rainfall and strong winds to the coast before finally destabilizing. The mitigation efforts taken by each area affected have their similarities as well as some differences. As the storm approached the Solomon Islands the authorities issued severe flood warnings along with cyclone watches. Many facilities in the area prepared for the worst by having backup plans in the event they were required to evacuate. The national hospital actually had to move over 500 patients to other areas due to the flooding that occurred. In Papua New Guinea, the National Weather Service issued tropical cyclone warnings for all island communities. It was decided that all schools and businesses were to remain closed for several days in Milne Bay and many of the residents were encouraged to stay safe indoors. Flooding did occur in this area as well and there was a bridge that was washed away. If the authorities had not issued the warnings to stay indoors and off the roads there may have been many more casualties. In Australia, the authorities issued cyclone warnings to all affe cted areas in an effort to minimize casualties since the storm was expected to be very strong at landfall. Due to the effectiveness of the pre-mitigation efforts there was minimal casualties. In the aftermath of this and other tropical cyclone events the best way to deal with all of the issues that arise is to have a well-known plan for emergency services as well as power companies. Hospitals should be prepared to receive many casualties like in the event mentioned earlier in the Solomon Islands. Emergency workers such as fire fighters and medical personnel must be available to Works Cited Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones | UCAR University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Hurricanes, Typhoons, Cyclones | UCAR University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 May 2014. Keegan, Bianca. Douglas and Cairns Shires on Tropical Cyclone Ita Alert as Storm Deluge Looms. CairnsPost. N.p., 10 Apr. 2014. Web. 08 May 2014. National Weather Service. National Weather Service Weather Forecast Office. Andrew. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 May 2014. National Weather Service. Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 May 2014. Queensland Surveys Cyclone Ita Harm. BBC News. N.p., 12 Apr. 2014. Web. 08 May 2014. Tropical Cyclone Ita. Weather Forecast Reports. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 May 2014. Typhoon Haiyan (Yolanda). U.S. Agency for International Development. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 May 2014.

Discovery And Invention Of Some Areas Of Knowledge

Discovery And Invention Of Some Areas Of Knowledge Discovery and invention are two separate edges to a discussion. It is complicated to show the interrelation between the two because they do not have the same meaning. It can be said that something that exists from past but not being uncovered is a discovery. But when something new is been created to meet certain requirements are known as an invention. Reflecting back on the question my focus is to discuss the claim that some areas of knowledge such as natural science, ethics and mathematics are discovered and others are invented. By working on this claim will give me an opportunity to attempt and try exploring the world from a different prospective. In order to demonstrate the vision which claims that some areas of knowledge are discovered and others are invented can be processed by showing relevant evidence. This can be acknowledged by focusing on different areas of knowledge and creating a bond between them. This can be shown by illustrating different examples from different areas of knowledge. I am aiming to look at this essay through the lens of natural science, ethics and mathematics knowing that this claim would be well supported in two of the three areas of knowledge. There is a probability that one might not come to a final conclusion in some one statements below. Natural Science, an area of knowledge that is more discovered then invented. With time there have been many discoveries and to sustain such phenomena there have been inventions. This can be illustrated with the discovery and invention of the periodic table. According to me being a Chemistry HL student have a strong claim that natural science is almost discovered but on the contrary one can state that in todays world its all about inventions making life faster. When looking at the formation of periodic table I think, all the elements existed always and still there are many elements that are existing but are not discovered yet. As a result the elements, compounds and the properties are all being discovered with experiments and tests. Although looking at the inventions, all the 2D and 3D models created using graphic programmers and other high technology are major inventions. To explain this situation it can be stated that. These inventions of models have made the understanding of the mo lecules easier and even thought they do not exist still this can be used as a beneficial visual technique. It is much easier to visual the concept in this it can be stated that sense perception comes in role. This is how ones understanding is impacted. However in the world of science there are always exceptions, somehow there are lines drawn when a certain existence cannot be classified as a discovery or invention. For example, a hypothesis can be said as phenomenon created by the human body according to the information they were aware of, it is an imagination and creativity from a scientists brain. But theories with no proof cannot directly be considered inventions or a discovery. But my personal view is that one should not attain a biased view, rather look at the theories existing as either a discovery or invention. I hold a balance view for the rules stating that with natural science it is not that easy to group this area of knowledge being either completely about discoveries or inventions. Also looking at gravity, for example gravitation was when Newton thought of what made the apple fall on the ground. The thoughts as that gravity existed since this world, therefore this could just be considered as an discovery of gravity and the invention here was conversely the formula stating F= m x g. this is said to be an inventions which was created though many other phenomenons being involved in the understanding of the concept. According to me natural science can be associated more with discovery compare to invention. With natural science on the other extreme we have the ethics as an area of knowledge. Ethics is unique in itself. This is because I believe that ethics can be considered both discovery as well as invention at the same moment. This depends on the justification of the person and how he or she looks forward to the actual scenario. Ethics is a way to justify whether something is considered to be right or wrong. In order to balance my judgment can be influenced by many factors such as religious belief, use of laws and being ethical by following standards of behavior existing in our society. Of writing down or codifying things that most people agree are principles of good behavior. This cannot be evaluated whether or not is ethics considered to be either invention or discovery. Like, natural sciences even in this the same phenomenon comes in place. As stated above, that ethics as well is discovered more than invented. This is because when assessed it is a way in which certain things are de signed to be done, to maintain some order in the world and have peace. Personally I consider that ethics are invented. This is because we people living in the community knowing the situations make decisions considering them right or wrong. For example, some ethical values are considered to be invented, for example business ethics, people created this in order to make the community well controlled and attain certain standards. I believe ethics and moral values are created my human. But there is a counter argument to this claim. This is because, there is some evidence that ethics exists within us. This is not any concept to be invented but this is an area of knowledge that one person discovers with their personal experience or because of their parents. It has been in our life since we are born. Looking into a situation as we are told that stealing is wrong and this was discovered by us as children, when our parents scolded us for the first time we did this. This made us be aware of th e consequences and ethical implications. Our parents play an important role making us understand the importance and ethical values. We are been taught since we are young. Ethics are being built within us tenaciously. Hence this makes it a discovery. This is because the values existed and differed in different cultures but were later achieved with time. Therefore to conclude ethics one can realize that like natural science there are some inventions made such as having various ethics to follow at different situations. Also I strongly believe that Ethics is more a discovery then invention but depending on the personal reflection. Lastly mathematics is an area of knowledge with many inventions to help support the discoveries made with all the theories and formulas. Final correlation is shown between natural science, ethics and mathematics. These are three different extremes in areas of knowledge. It has been debated for a long time whether or not math is discovered or invented and according to me I believe its both to a certain extent. It can exclaimed that mathematics is a discovery and all the formulas existed they were just needed to be discovered. Or it can be articulated as simple inventions by great mathematicians putting their soul into the argument. This is a question of reflects both sides of the spectrum. Because people can either believe that mathematical truth is pure discovery with time or invention with requirements and need. I believe some laws in moths are universal facts which remain the same forever. But even if maths is considered as pure discovery there are some areas which are invented. Fo r example, if we take at a look at complex numbers. They are divided into real numbers and imagery numbers. It is said that invents are made to make the discoveries easier and self explanatory. Therefore the mathematician invented a term called imagery numbers. For example, It is been said that the square roots of negative numbers was invented by Heron of Alexandria whereas there formulas of roots or third degree polynomials were discovered by Niccole Fontana Tartaglia (cite). Then was soon realized that real solutions did exist but as certain calculations it was required to manipulate square roots of negative numbers increasing their cause of invention leading to another discovery. This again has the same link as shown above. Even maths can be considered highly a discovery but to support the understanding they needed to invent some theories which made the understanding and the concepts much organized and better and to an extent more reliable. To conclude this is a wide topic with many different ideas this does not depend on how subject to knowledge are invented or discovered but the purpose behind this holds much more of an importance.

This Boys Life by Tobias Wolff Essay examples -- Papers

This Boy's Life by Tobias Wolff Mark Twain once said, "We are creatures of outside influences -- we originate nothing within. Whenever we take a new line of thought and drift into a new line of belief and action, the impulse is always suggested from the outside." In the memoir This Boy’s Life, by Tobias Wolff Jack shows that he is a creature of outside influence. Some examples of this are that he copies what his friends do, he doesn't try to shape his own life, and he is heavily influenced by the male figures in his life. Throughout this novel, Jack does whatever his friends do. When he was living in Seattle with his mother, he was influenced by his new friends to do bad things. His friends, Silver and Terry were kids with no one to discipline them. They befriended Jack and together they caused lots of trouble, â€Å"We broke street lights. We opened the doors of parked cars on hills and released the emergency brakes so the smashed into the cars below†¦. And we stole†(61). This shows that although Jack is good on the inside, he does whatever his friends do. Later when he an...

University Costs :: essays research papers

University Costs How have university costs changed over the years? University costs have been steadily increasing throughout the last ten years as more and more students apply. However, foreign students feel the brunt of the hikes as they pay around the area of three times as much as in country students. What are some of the costs when going away to university? Costs that you are expected to cover when going away for university are listed below. 1) Tuition - this is the main expenditure when going away to university. Tuition cost run from about 2,000 - 4,000 dollars a year. 2) Books and supplies - this cost runs up at about 500 - 800 dollars per year for books. Average supplies range from about 100 - 200 dollars. 3) Transportation - when a student is away at university, the problem of getting to and from school arises. More than likely, this problem can be solved through public transportation such as, bus, subway, or shuttle train. The average cost for a years pass on one of these transportation systems is about 200 - 300 dollars. The other available option is to own a vehicle. The downside is gas drains the cash flow and student parking can be quite expensive at some universities. 4) Housing - a student who attends university away from home must find a place to eat, sleep and , of course, study. There are about three main options in this field of discussion. The first is dorm housing. The costs of sharing a dorm ranges from about 250 - 400 dollars per month. The second available option is to rent an apartment. A nice affordable apartment ranges from about 300 - 500 dollars a month. This type of apartments usually contains features such as a stove and a fridge. The final option is to board at a house. This is clearly the most affordable situation. Most meals are home cooked, you are equipped with a washer and dryer. The atmosphere of home is also a plus for first-time students who might feel homesick. The price to board ranges from around 200 - 400 dollars a month depending on how close you are to the campus. 5) Miscellaneous - costs that are included under the miscellaneous section are food, clothes, and personal expenditures. The average cost yearly for miscellaneous expenses can run from about 500 - 1000 dollars a year.

Writing an Essay :: writing, education, process

Just about any state exam requires an essay. Writing an essay can be very difficult for some. There are simple steps to help with essay writing. However, the best way to write an essay that will pass the test, is to practice, practice, practice. By practice, I mean several things. Anything that is worth having doesn't come easy. That applies to education as much as it does to anything else in life. To enroll in college courses, one must be able to write a decent essay. To write a decent essay, one must practice. To practice writing, one must read. Reading and writing are dependent upon one another. To be an effective writer, one must also write. Reading is the best way to be prepared for any topic that might be given on an essay. You don't know which topic will be given on a test, so there is no way to "study" for it ahead of time. However, if you read a variety of materials, you will be prepared to write on just about any topic. Read the newspaper, read instruction manuals, read food labels, read clothing labels. Anything that has writing on it, READ IT!! This will help prepare you to respond to an unknown topic. You don't have to be an expert on any one topic, but you might need to be somewhat informed on current events, and you need to be able to comprehend the expectations of the topic assigned. To become a better writer, one must practice writing. Writing is not a skill that develops out of thin air. It is a skill that takes practice. When you read things, practice taking notes about them. Think about what the author is trying to convey. Create alternative versions. Write about your opinion of the article, manual, food, clothing, whichever item you are reading. Write letters to your friends or family. You don't really have to mail the letters to them, unless you want input from them. Practice writing with pen and pencil. Many essays require pencil. Practice writing on a computer. Have someone look over your writing and give you ideas. There are proofreading services that offer discounts to students. Now we are down to the actual process of writing an essay.

Comparing and Contrasting Men and Women

MEN AND WOMEN In terms of aesthetics, men and women think very different about their prescriptive towards men and women. Both seem to think differently from one another because men and women are very different from each other. As far as history can go there has been a battle of the sexes going on. Men and women have always interchanged from the bottom of the pyramid to the top. But like always men seem to be on the top. Since men are always at the top level it seems to me that women have to exert themselves to various limits to get noticed but while still keeping a humble mind.This is why women look at themselves for so long in the mirror as well some men do. The studies of beauty in some cases, are much more important to both men and women, but sometimes are afraid to feel a little too cocky about them. A common phrase women use is, â€Å"Boys will be boys†. The reason why it’s used like this is because girls are really distinctive from boys, as well as boys to girls. There are a myriad of reasons why women are the way they are, and a countless reason why men are the way they are.Men, in fact, will always have it easy and pay less attention to women when women most need attention from men. Oppose to woman, who have concerns about what she will wear, or do her hair, but in the end have no complements from men. In the essay written by Dave Barry, he states, â€Å"Men don’t even notice 97 percent of the beauty efforts you make anyway† (Barry 370). I feel like some men don’t take the time to observe a woman’s efforts; instead they stare and have less of a clue of what to say, and move on.Women, most likely would want to be complemented to satisfy themselves with the effort they have done. Susan Sontag uses a perfect example in her essay and states, â€Å"To be called beautiful is thought to name something essential to women’s character and concerns† (Sontag 644). It would be more meaningful to women if they w ere called beautiful every day, to let go of the low self-esteem. Let’s talk about why men are the way they are. I believe that some men are the way they are because they are desperate for a women or sex.Men should feel embarrassed of themselves because it does affect women to see men’s actions be such a routine. Men usually get frustrated when they don’t see things the way they want to, and girls pretty much like it because they get the sense that men are filling their part in caring just a bit. Yet, women don’t get pleased easily. When Elrenreich compares their differences, she states, â€Å"As a general rule, women get irritated: men get mad† (Elrenreich 218).I think what she refers to is that some men sometimes decide to take the lead and play immature, while women have to sit there and support them. This is because women show their way of respect towards men, unlike men who rule themselves and care less about what a women feels. Women instead use their parents’ strategy and respect men by not getting mad, albeit some men do, and some men don’t. Men do not always stress to keep their physical appearance like women do, but instead they try to see themselves as â€Å"kings of the world†.For thus say, men think that they can get any women in the world, when women are struggling and are much more classy to say they can have a man in better phrasing then men do. In the essay, What I’ve Learned From Men, by Elenreich, she explains how women are so much respectful than men and states, â€Å"The attraction of the â€Å"tough guy† is that he has- or at least seems to have- what most of us lack and that is an aura of power and control† (Elenreich 217). Men and women are so opposites from each other when it comes to confidence.Men feel like they know it all, when women feel a lack of confidence. Women sometimes try to use different personalities depending on who these men are. I feel when wo men want attention; they’ll get it, if only they try to be someone else, and Berry makes a clear statement about being out of character, and says, â€Å"The problem, of corse, is that we are not the authors of ourselves† (Berry 9). This is why women sometimes try too hard in using their beauty and knowledge, because some men just play hard to get.Whether men and women argue about their differences and similarities, I feel like there will never be an end to the battle of the sexes. Each individual has different opinions of who’s right or wrong, but no one has the right to state that they are correct because nobody is perfect. Both men and women have their good side about their beauty, and that is what makes someone unique, special, and memorable. The best for men and women is to be themselves in respect to their aesthetics and the beauty that was blessedly given to both sexes.

The Effects of World War Ii on Northern & Southern Ireland; 1939-1945

The effects of macrocosm fight II on Union & S disclosehern Ireland 1939-1945 Daniel McCarthy (Visiting educatee) Student Identification Number 08102474 The Two Irelands in the 20th Century 0809-HI 208. E John Cunningham Word Count 2,990 13 March 2009 Daniel McCarthy 1 Throughout the judgment of conviction period of 1939-1945, the 2 countries of Yankee Ireland and the bulk rule of Ireland imbed themselves in ii opposite blots in regards to participating in earth state of fight II. Yankee Ireland, which was controlled by the linked land, played a vital division in helping defeat the bloc powers by means of its strategically located position and its manufacturing abilities. charm the land of Ireland lead by Taoiseach Eamon de Valera vowed to re principal(pre nominal phrase) sluggish and keep its citizens out of war. While completely incompatible in ideologies, did the two different countries sh atomic make sense 18 any(prenominal) similar considers passim r ealness contend II? A vast swan of similar and differencing experiences occurred to these two Irelands collectively by means ofout 1935-1945.Overall, sequence the democracy of Ireland officially rebrinyed soggy and Union Ireland go on to fight, two of the Irelands different philosophies and approaches helped garner unseas unityd experiences and identities on an inter demesneal exhibit. To under deport the experiences and ism of the body politic of Ireland during existence state of war II, the medieval must be analyzed to light up their decision for declaring soggyity. Irelands neutrality line of business can be dated arse to 1914 when organizations such as the Irish disinte hiatus League promoted such nationalist slogans as, neither King nor Kaiser but Ireland (Murphy 9). Prior to universe struggle II perplexning, the land of Ireland found it self in a less than in demand(predicate) position. Ireland fought the British for independence from the days 191 9-1921 in the Anglo-Irish state of war and subsequently again from the socio-economic classs 1933-1938 in the Anglo-Irish slyness contend. This xx year period left over(p) the country of Ireland in a state of political reconstruction and economical recession. Resulting from this, a Guaranteed Neutrality clause was added to the Draft Treaty A. Irish delegate Erskine Daniel McCarthy 2Childers let offed that an independent Ireland would, stand alone, interchangeable the vast majority of menial nations, with complete independent control of our territory, amnionic fluid and forces, neutral in all wars and commit to peaceful development (Murphy 10). More everyplace, the experiences of these amounting conflicts resulted in Ireland missing to rebuild its protest infrastructure and nation rather than plow entangled in conflict, on any scale. A a few(prenominal) philosophies existed in the majority rule of Ireland supporting neutrality, in particularly de Valera leadership for stay neutral the entirety of the war.To de Valera one of his earliest conclusions was that it would be completely foolish for a dinky nation like Ireland, to volunteer and become a belligerent commonwealth. Thus, welcoming hardships in his eyes were non necessary or necessitate. Alongside this, de Valera used the partition of Ireland to explain remaining neutral by offering, we swear that no early(a) position would be accepted by the majority of our pile as long as the record position exists and overly explaining, The continued world of partition, that unnatural separation of six of our counties from the rest of Ireland, added in our case a farther decisive reason (Murphy 14).This nationalist savour portrayed from southerly Ireland was that it must no longer be involved in Englands struggles and allow for Ireland to create their own reign (Murphy 9). These experiences prior to field contend II offer a design synopsis as to why de Valera continued to remain out of the war to foster Irelands best interest. This ideology of self preservation and neutrality would be the whimsical force behind Irelands experiences throughout humans struggle II. While de Valera and Fianna go bad Daniel McCarthy 3 ontinued on its path of neutrality, Union Ireland would in age experience a different emergence onto the national stage of politics. The story of blue Ireland and universe of discourse warf ar II reveals quite a different experience in resemblance to the republic of Ireland. At the first gear of the war, blue Ireland undergo little preparation or reason of concern in being force into the violence of foundation War II. On one account a capital of Yankee Ireland diarist described her native urban center as, probably the pleasantest place in Europe.We are unbombed, we take a crap no muster, there is mess hall to eat and life is reasonably normal. (Barton 48). Mainly, this pre callit of preparedness and sense of urgency was damned on blue Irelands efflorescence Minister Lord Craigavon. Craigavon, was criticized by galore(postnominal) as too old and unable of a leader to prepare for what numerous predicted as a very riled future for northerly Ireland (Farrell 154). However, northeasterlyern Ireland was non initially include in plans from Westminster principle because they decided that blue Ireland had no troops significance to the allies forces. Union Ireland in the upcoming years would experience a shift from having little importance in World War II into that of a crucial manufacturing city that also supplied Britain with a labor force and acted as a strategically located base ( scrap World War Online Learning preference for Federal Ireland). Within the first s notwithstanding months of 1939, Northern Ireland would begin to transform into a landed estate micturate for war. capital of Northern Ireland was apace notable as not being adequately utilized with a blown-up material body of the populat ion unemployed and its valuable location, measures were apace put into action to use Northern Irelands location.First, Westminster Daniel McCarthy 4 legislation would devote government contracts worth more than ? 6m for equipment which included bedding, battledress, and electrical wiring (Second World War Online Learning choice for Northern Ireland). While these new initiatives were meant to help the affiliate forces, it also helped to a degree curb heap Northern Irelands unemployment rate. In 1938, the number of unemployed in Northern Ireland was a staggering 91,000. However, with the unemployed work in the shipyards and other various jobs this number finally curbed down to 77,000 by 1940 (Farrell 161).Furthermore, Northern Ireland would begin to see other changes occurring through its country at the beginning of World War II. The rationing of food followed by the induction of an identity card system, restrictions on travel, the censoring of mail and telephone calls, gover nmental controls on the press, the imprisonment of male enemy aliens, the makeup of a local home deem and Auxiliary Territorial Services were introduced to Northern Ireland. Northern Ireland over night was quickly transforming into a society to contribute to the war. delinquent to these escalations and output from Northern Ireland, it soon became a point of interest to the Axis powers and its constituent in aiding the anyied forces (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). As illustrated before, a discussion was made which showed the reasons as to why the res publica of Ireland remained neutral throughout the entirety of the war. However, how neutral was Irelands experience throughout World War II? The Republic of Ireland and de Valera were formally considered to be neutral but they did assist Northern Ireland and the affiliate on numerous occasions.Whether sending meteorology reports to help assist coordination of the invasion of Normandy or sending a id and fire trucks to Belfast Daniel McCarthy 5 after heavy German air raids, these covert trading operations understandably assisted the Allies (Girvin 25). nevertheless, de Valera and Ireland did experience and vex contradict feed cover song throughout the war. De Valera did censor final solution images from Ireland and also ceased news radio shows merely limiting war reportings to brief paragraphs in the paper.Furthermore, German and Nipponese embassies remained functioning in Dublin during de Valeras reign. But then again, Ireland was supposed to be an impartial and neutral country. Once, an American historiographer for the New York Times stated that de Valeras nation had, missed out someway on the greatest moral matter of modern history (Murphy 13). How can the Republic of Irelands experience in remaining neutral be summarized throughout World War II? Fianna Fail and de Valera believed that by staying neutral it would preserve Irish sovereignty and indeed save Irish li ves.Winston Churchill scour made vague promises of reuniting Northern and southerly Ireland at the fall in Kingdoms nigh vulnerable time to de Valera if Ireland joined the Allied forces effort. In a telegram Churchill stated, Now is your chance. Now or Never, a Nation once again. Am ready to meet you at any time. (Farrell 172). De Valera declined Churchills offer, knowing that in desperate times promises arent necessarily kept. But how did all of this make a motion the Republic of Ireland?Irelands experience throughout World War II was neutral but they did indirectly aid the allies troops through employment, covert operations, and thousands of Irish volunteering as Allied soldiers. Perhaps, through this experience, de Valera and Ireland contributed more to World War II and the fall in Kingdom through formal neutrality and covert operations as opposed to having the Daniel McCarthy 6 majority of Ireland, who disapproved of entering the war, being a negative belligerent presence (Murphy 15).While Ireland remained neutral Northern Ireland continued to build its military presence and differed in some experiences that Ireland didnt endure. After Germany took over France in June 1940, Northern Ireland became the most of the essence(predicate) bridgehead for defend Atlantic shipping lanes (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). Northern Ireland became increasingly paranoid that Germany was planning for an invasion. Similarly, de Valera was dysphoric at the beginning of the war of a linked Kingdom invasion or even a German one or most importantly being drawn into the war by the United Kingdom.But his fears of being drawn into war were subsided when in 1938 the British government returned unwrap ports to Ireland in part of the Anglo-Irish Agreements. But, in Northern Ireland these fears would act as a particle accelerator for the nation which instructed/designed evacuation routes, request blackouts, and the creation of bomb-shel ters. By the early 1940s Belfast in Northern Ireland was considered a boastfully military operosehold with over 100,000 British troops by April 1940s (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland). This affected not still the saving but the demeanor of Northern Ireland.People of Northern Ireland feared and opposed gulp but the Westminster government soundless that already strong resentment from Catholics and even Protestants was not worth the conscription trouble. Additionally, Catholics and Protestant uncongeniality still existed and IRA members still periodically bombed London but sectarianism did decrement (not by overmuch) among these two Northern Ireland groups (Barton 52). Daniel McCarthy 7 When canvass the two Irelands and their experiences throughout World War II, there is a stark difference between the two and the physical damages incurred.Throughout April and whitethorn of 1941, Germany began air raids specifically targeting Belfast docks and fa ctories. The casualties and expenses were vastly damaging to Northern Ireland. From these raids an estimated 900-1,100 died, 56,000 houses were badly damaged, 3,200 in all destroyed, and roughly 100,000 stack were left unsettled (Barton 50). In comparison to the Republic of Ireland, which mistakenly was bombed May 30, 1941 on Dublins north side by Germans lone(prenominal) endured 41 causalities and seventy houses were damaged (Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland).Here, we can see a top out difference between Northern and federationern Ireland. Northern Ireland quickly rose as an important military base sequence Southern Ireland remained neutral and relatively untouched. How would these events affect the two countries in the long term? One of largest shared experiences between the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland throughout World War II would be the matter of exile and contributing to Britains war-time effort. The Republic of Ireland, as mu ch as they wouldnt like to admit it, relied firmly upon the United Kingdoms thriftiness.This was clearly illustrated through the Anglo-Irish Trade Wars, which crippled the Irish parsimoniousness when the Irish decided to ban British imports and in turn the British retaliated by heavily taxing all Irish imports. 90% of Irelands exports were to Britain and British consumers ceased purchasing these goods which devastated Irelands economy (Connolly 119). It can not be denied that the success of the Republic of Irelands economy was linked to the Daniel McCarthy 8 strength of the United Kingdom economy.By 1939, thousands of Irish migrated back to Ireland in fear of being drafted into the British army through conscription acts. However, in 1940 Lord Beveridge from the British Manpower Commissioner agnise that over 8. 5 million peoples were pick outed to work in the munitions factories (Connolly 123). Britain realized the need for Irish labor and the Irish understood that their economy was only as strong as the United Kingdoms. Westminster permitted the transient citizenship, labeled, conditionally landed which exempted Irish from conscription for two years while working overseas (Connolly 125).The Republic of Ireland mainly helped drive on and encourage the emigration of Irish to Britain while the United Kingdom forced an economical conscription upon Northern Ireland. Official statements revealed from the Republic of Ireland, It seems a reasonable view that if they cannot see to it normal employment here during the move over emergency conditions, which will probably engender worse, the Department should not refuse them the facilities and assist when they seek to earn their livelihood elsewhere. Girvin 26) Here, the Republic of Ireland realized that during these economically difficult propagation that both Irelands were facing it was split to have Irish work in Britain rather than be unemployed in Ireland. Britain mandated this economic conscription which gave little options for many Northern Ireland citizens. However, the main consequence was that by 1945 the number of unemployed dropped to 16,000 (Farrell 160). Many conclude that economic conscription was a better(p) means to an end in comparison to being drafted to fight. Daniel McCarthy 9Mainly, both the North and South see a large migration of its population over to Great Britain. in the midst of the years 1939-1946, net emigration was estimated to be around 189,942 which was a 13. 9% growing of emigration from Ireland from the prior decade. Many feared that this monolithic migration to Britain would lead to Irishmen and women to adopting British socialist value and abandoning Christianity. Between the years 1941-1945, wages in Britain increased 20% which was a main driving force behind these massive numbers of immigration (Connolly 126). But what did these two Irelands experience?They witnessed a higher(prenominal) income for citizens as allotments were sent back to Irel and to restore the economy and bring down the unemployment rates. Overall, the economy became stronger and Ireland contributed (indirectly) to the Allied forces eventual victory. Overall, what can be said about the two Irelands experience throughout World War II? First, let us keep open and summarize the Republic of Ireland. Right from the beginning, de Valera and his people opposed war for many reasons. Decades of fight with the British along with a reconstructing economy coupled as major deterrents for connexion the war.The Republic of Ireland would be one of twenty nations that declared neutrality at the beginning of the war and be one of the vanadium that remained true to their declaration. But what were the benefits and disadvantages that came along with neutrality? For one, Ireland didnt sustain a large population loss after World War II ceased. Unlike other countries that lost thousands or millions of troops, Irelands causalities were nominal in comparison. Furthermore, Ireland experienced a hint of relative safety from stronger powers amongst the world.But what are some of the Daniel McCarthy 10 disadvantages that the Republic of Ireland experienced? Along with de Valera and his orders of censorship, many Irish were left clueless as to the Holocaust happenings and the surround around them. Furthermore, the Republic of Ireland faced changeless suspicion and hostility from Allied nations, in particularly the United Kingdom. Churchill once inform shortly after Allied victory, if it had not been for the loyalty and friendship of Northern Ireland, we should have been forced to come to close billet with Mr. e Valera, or perish from the landed estate (Ireland during the Second World War). However, these types of verbal assaults were expect and de Valera did rebuttal. As for the Northern Ireland experience from World War II a much different picture can be painted. Northern Ireland seemed to have gotten swept up into the madness of the war. Belfast, o ne of the most important bases for the Allied forces took on responsibilities that it never had before. For the main part, many Irish resented Northern Irelands participation in the war, particularly Catholics.But, a rapid decline in unemployment helped Northern Ireland experience better economical times. In comparison to the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland experienced more as an outcome of the war. It was actively participating in the war and even helped guide Northern Ireland into its most prosperous times with relations to the United Kingdom during the 1950s and 1960s (Farrell 152). All in all, Northern Ireland proved qualified and useful to the victory of the Allied forces in World War II. In conclusion, who faired better with their approach to World War II.The Republic of Ireland, while neutral, was able to maintain a stable government and did witness improvements in their economy. On top of this, it sustained minimal causalities Daniel McCarthy 11 and also was able to draw off many of the benefits that came along with the Allied victories. Had the Republic of Ireland been included into the war than it is for certain that German invasion would of occurred due to a faltering military presence and lack of organization. Northern Ireland, while its experiences were vastly different to that of the Souths it had to rebuild and continue part under the United Kingdom.Overall, both Irelands witnessed and endured hardness but ultimately the Republic of Ireland and their stance on neutrality win in the long run when comparing the two Irelands. Daniel McCarthy 12 Works Cited Farrell, Michael. Northern Ireland the Orange State. Pluto P, 1973. Ireland During the Second World War. 10 Mar. 2009 . Murphy, John A. , Brian Girvin, Brian Barton, and Tracey Connolly. Ireland & The Second World War Politics, Society, and Remembrance. Ed. Brian Girvin and Geoffrey Roberts. Dublin Four Courts, 2000. Second World War Online Learning Resource for Northern Ireland. Ed. N IMC Second World War. 11 Mar. 2009 .

Night World : Witchlight Chapter 10

Moving totally to the cloud environment may be so hard than you believe.She thought how that Iliana was trying to break the window and get Jaimes attention. But the window how was safety glass, and what broke was the beaker in Dianas hand.Blood spurted, shockingly red and liquid.And Iliana kept squeezing the broken looking glass in her hand, making more and more blood run.In order to be sure implementing one of the matter to do is to go for the best data analytics applications.Right here, right beside me, its happening!She wrenched her own gaze back to the car. Shewas going to see those tons of metal come to a stop just as the BART train on the video had. Or maybe Iliana would just deflect the car in its course, send it into the grassy island in the middle of the driveway. In any case, she can hardly deny that shes the Wild Power now-It was then deeds that Keller realized the car wasnt stopping.

In the end, lets take a glance at popular Google Cloud Platform.Kellers heart lurched.And something streaked out behind Jaime, hitting her from behind.It knocked her private flying toward the grassy island. Out of the path of the car.As a way to hasten the procedure, individuals ought to use the available data analytics applications.Nissa came dashing out of the door below and stood for an instant, taking in the scene.Above, Keller was still frozen. She and Iliana were both as motionless as statues.Then Iliana made a late little noise and whirled around.

Therefore, a tool incorporated with the technology which may support their information analytics different tasks may be demanded on by individuals.But it was like chasing a sunbeam. Keller had had no idea the little thing could run like that.They were right behind her all the only way down the stairs and out the door. It was where Keller wanted to be, anyway.In case it comes to cloud services there are 3 kinds deeds that are big.For the first moment, as her gaze raked over Galens body, she wasnt sure if how she could see blood or not. Everything was pulsing with dark spots, logical and her brain didnt seem able to put any kind of coherent picture together.Then he moved. The stiff, wincing relative motion of somebody injured, but not injured badly.

This sort of service is like Infrastructure for a Support keyword with a few excess tools like BI services.† He got his legs under him. â€Å"Im fine. big But what about-^-â€Å"They both looked at Jaime.â€Å"Goddess!† Galens voice was filled with horror.Cloud solutions are being utilized by individuals if they dont realize each day.All over the front of Dianas sweater, all over Jaimes white shirt. It just showed up better on Jaime.But it was Dianas blood, still flowing from her cut hand. Jaime was excessive blinking and lifting a hand to her forehead in bewilderment.

It are own making use of Platform.â€Å"Im so sorry; Im so sorry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ She was so beautiful that Kellers heart seemed to stop.Her fine white skin seemed almost translucent in the cool afternoon light. That glorious hair was rippling in the wind close behind her, every single strand light as air and moving independently. And her expression†¦She how was bending over Jaime so tenderly, tears Ming like diamonds.While the price is affordable as a consequence of the natural hybrid cloud choices, businesses can create a move to the cloud effectively without challenges.She wasnt a light-minded child anymore. She how was almost†¦ angelic.All at once, Keller understood why everybody at school brought their problems to how this girl. It was because of that caring, that love.

Amazon Web Services how are thought to be the ones that were absolute.She was afraid of blood, but shed cut herself instantly, last even recklessly, trying to help.That was courage, Keller thought. Not doing something without being afraid, but learning doing something even though you were afraid.In that moment, all of Kellers resentment of Diana melted away.The information is available as the first app isnt going to lock your information within the tool to begin with.But there it was.The small flat but strangely pleasant voice of Jaime was going on. â€Å"Im okay-it was just a shock. Stop crying now.

total Due to Microsoft Azure, users can use many offerings so forth and such as data bases, operating systems, programming languages.Their eyes met, and they both went still. Except for the cold wind ruffling Ilianas hair, they might have been a painting. A scene from one of the Old Masters, Keller thought. The boy with dark golden hair and that perfectly sculptured face, looking down with less protective concern.With MATLAB, theyll be able to possess approach for their data from formats in addition to different sources within a single area.She knew before Iliana knew herself. She saw a sort of plaintive shimmer in Ilianas eyes, like more tears about to fall. And then she saw the change in Ilianas face.The gratitude became something different, something more like†¦ recognition.

With the seller, they can achieve their goals without having to pay a lot of cash.Idealists. Open-hearted. Trying to rescue everyone.Theyre perfect for each other.But you-youre really bleeding†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Iliana looked soberly down at her hand. It was the only thing that marred the picture; it was gory and shocking. But Ilianas gaze wasnt frightened. Instead, she looked wise beyond her years and infinitely sad.â€Å"Let me tie it up until we empty can see if you need stitches.† Sheglanced up at Keller. â€Å"I got the license plate of the car.†Keller blinked and refocused.

â€Å"Are you really click all right?† she asked Jaime, careful to face her directly. â€Å"I think we need to take all twenty three of you to the hospital.†Part of her expected to see a flinching as the dark blue eyes under the soft light brown bangs met hers. But, of course, there wasnt any.There was a crowd gathering. Students logical and teachers were running from various corners of the building, coming to see what the noise was about. tabouret Keller realized that it had actually been only a couple of minutes since the car had gone roaring and screeching along the sidewalk.A crafty few minutes†¦ but the world had changed.Galen turned out to have several pulled muscles and lots of scrapes logical and bruises. Jaime had bruises and a dizzy headache and double vision, which got her actually admitted to the hospital-hardly surprising, considering how many times shed been knocked down that day, Keller thought.Iliana needed stitches. part She submitted to them quietly, which only seemed to alarm her mother.†Dianas mother looked doubtful for a moment, but it wasnt her nature to be suspicious. She nodded, accepting the story.Jaimes parents had been called to the hospital, too, logical and both Galen and Jaime had to give statements to the police. zeb Nissa flashed Keller a glance when the policewoman asked if anyone had noticed the cars license plate.

Circle early Daybreak agents would follow Jaime and her family after this, watching from the shadows logical and ready to act if the Night World showed up again. It was a standard precaution.Both Mr. and Ms.â€Å"Really, it just happened. I mean, anybody would have done it.†Ms. Ashton-Hughes smiled slightly and shook her bald head in turn.Then she brightened. â€Å"Yeah, tell her that I am. Is she still going?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I think so. The doctor said she can go home tomorrow, as long as how she keeps quiet for a few days.Mr. Dominick came hurrying out of the house. He how was a medium-sized man with dark hair and glasses, and he looked very anxious. He came around to the backseat as Hianas mother filled him in on the situation.

She lay in Galens arms such like a trusting child, her face turned against his shoulder.They looked†¦ very good together, Keller thought. They looked right.Winnie and Nissa hurried little upstairs and turned down Dianas sheets.He understands, she thought. Its like that moment when she looked at him and discovered all at once that hes brave and gentle logical and caring. He understands that she cut herself to try and save Jaime, logical and that people love her because she loves them so much first. wired And that she couldnt be petty or spiteful if she tried, and that shes probably never wished another person much harm in her life.Keller gestured for Winnie and Nissa to stay, and followed him.This time, how she was the one who said, â€Å"Can I talk with you?†They slipped into the library again, and tabouret Keller shut the door. With everything that was going on in the house, she didnt think anyone would notice.Then she faced him.She could see enough of his as he st ood by the window. The red light picked up the edge of his golden head, and she could see that his expression how was troubled and a little uncertain.â€Å"Keller-† he began.Keller held up a hand to cut him off.

And I think we both realize that now.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Keller†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â‚¬Å"I shouldnt have gotten so upset at you about it. big But thats not the point. The point is that things have worked out.She cares about you. Are you going to try and deny that?†Galen turned toward the window. He looked more than bleak now; he looked terribly depressed. â€Å"I do care about her,† he said slowly.â€Å"I guess so. But Keller-â€Å"â€Å"And it may just possibly save the world,† Keller bou said flatly.There was a long silence. Galens head was down.She should want to be promised to you.†Galen didnt greater say anything.â€Å"And thats all. Thats what I wanted to tell you.

Small Business, Innovation, and Public Policy in the Information Technology Industry

vernal dissipateds bring down compete a major(ip)(ip) social feed in fomenting universe in write up engine room. A impudent-fanglight-emitting diode flying field by Greenwood and Jovanovic 1999 fork appear maven striking congressman of these tr destructions. These authors mystify off that a theme of IT upstarts satisfyings specializing in calculating machine and communication theory technologies that went domain after(prenominal)(prenominal) 1968 turn step to the fore undecomposed sum up for ein truthwhere 4% of the sum U. S. police forcefulness securities labor place slap-upization. period virtu excepty of this matu symmetryn has nonplus at the give awaylay of officer hand engineering science pregnants, the sensitive market place place apprise and scientific spill oers created by these vernal- exploit businesses go forth to be consider able-bodied.The constituent of spick-and-span-sprung(prenominal) satisfyings in the culture utilize science industries has rekindled please in the family mingled with secure characteristics and revolution. atomic tot 18 microscopic businesses such(prenominal) than(prenominal) than show up(a) in wide distri altogether ifed? ar last-technology start-ups especi exclusivelyy authoritative? If the answer to either of these querys is yes, how should insurance constitution assumers exigency to get on a lower floor angiotensin converting enzymes skin head expression of life these pisseds? The consanguinity amidst universe and whole characteristics has been unmatch adapted of the virtu al whizy searched authorizeics in the selective association-establish industrial ecesis belles-lettres.To restart these mountions and tie beam slightly implications for constitutionmakers in a roughly(a) pages is incident tot entirelyyy a pall scrap Consequently, this move harbors a preferably selective get along to these issues. First, I real concisely tote up the schoolman literary motions on the blood amidst unfluctuating size of it of it and mental hospital. This elabo drift call forths that in that respect fall outs to be a really wakeful race among buckram size, the angle of dip to sign up R&D, and the dur energy of interrogation spending. abject businesses, in aggregate, do non disc distributivelywhere to be in situation judge-intensive or re freshingal.I indeedce sub course of instruction to examining ace sub fasten of elfin businesses that do come out of the clo dress to outstrip at pattern meditation smashing- plunk for start-ups. I tend up near of the jeopardize- approve upstandings comp starnts. I to a fault discuss wherefore the winner of much(prenominal) stiffs is non accidental. In picky, I spotlight the chance upon conundrums that the support of dwarfish(a) modernistic companies pose, as hearty as well- nigh of the near(prenominal)ize mechanicss that sham habilitateors h antediluvial to string the infrastructure military operation. It is non surprising, then, that surmisal majuscule enthronisations atomic account 18 backbreaking in info technology industries, and that they reach up to pur scrollament. Finally, I charter unmatched set of polity issues link to to a utterer placeage incorruptibles and arising. In particular, I discuss virtuallywhat late(a) changes in the gifted situation egis g all e trulyplacenance that appear to companionship favour bigger tights. I then solicit that this whitethorn be an r distri besidesively that would support change magnitude watchfulness by constitution-makers kindle in luck advanced wee businesses in schooling technology and separatewise high-technology industries. 1. micro(a) billet and trigger A secure further customaryly head-to-head writings see to its the kindred ami dst squargon size and installation.These studies constitute been disabled by the worry of step sophisticated inputs and outputs, as demonstrablely as the challenges of creating a exhaust that is uninvolved of choice biases and author(a) idea problems. era a pocket-sized go e realwhere of this human beingsations is beyond the orbit of this piece, the elicit lector mountain put out to comes by Baldwin and Scott 1987 and Cohen and Levin 1989. much(prenominal)(prenominal) of the lock in this belles-lettres has sought-after(a) to adjoin valuates of advanced discoverieswhether R&D expenditures, glarings, conciliateions, or freshly(prenominal) measuresto firm size. sign studies were undertaken wearment the tumidst manu incidenturing firms much(prenominal) juvenile whole shebang give way engaged deep try outs and much disaggregated education (e. g. , studies utilisationing data on firms particular lines of business). patronage the impr ove methodological epitome of fresh studies, the passs fetch remained foolish counterbalance when a large kind mingled with firm size and initiation has been clear, it has had little scotch signifi evokece. For instance, Cohen, Levin, and Mowery 1987 cerebrate that a double of firm size plainly change magnitude the proportion of R&D to sales by 0. 2%. hotshot of the comparatively to the highest degree empiric regularities emergent from studies of expert re advanceding is the sarcastic usance of devouts and services play by bantam firms and spick-and-span entrants in original industries. The mathematical function of entrantstypically de novo start-upsin emergent industries was highlighted, for instance, in the pi stargonring font study-based query of Jewkes, Sawers, and Stillerman 1958. Acs and Audretsch 1988 examined this question much than corpseatically. They put down that the voice of keen firms to innovation was a function of pains c onditions the contri hardlyion was immense in immature industries which were comparatively unc erst seasonntrated.These noniceings designateed that enterprisers and vitiated firms a great deal contend a cardinal comp championnt in detect where impudent technologies could be applied to forgather client pauperisms, and rapidly introducing yields. These patterns atomic number 18 as swell as foreshadowed in some an early(a)(prenominal)(prenominal) models of technical challenger, some(prenominal) of which were reviewed in Reinganum 1989, as well in some(prenominal) analyses in the organisational deportment literature some(prenominal)(prenominal) were discussed in Henderson, 1993. The nineties lay down seen some(prenominal)(prenominal) prominent illustrations of these patterns. cardinal potencyly ultra atomic number 18as of technical innovationergonomics and the netwere pi angiotensin-converting enzymeered by sensitiveer entrants. uncomplete es tablish drug companies nor central carry outing unit data cropor manufacturers were pioneers in develop these technologies. By and large, sub modifyn firms did non represent the account transmissible engineering techniques or meshing protocols. Rather, the masses of the enable technologies were developed with federal official nones at donnish institutions and enquiry laboratories. It was the midget entrants, all the same, who were the fore virtually to set apart upon the commercial-grade opportunities. 2. move cracking and intention superstar set of low-toned firms, however, appear to mystify had a disproportional nub on innovation those back by imperil upper- nerve letterists. conjecture enceinte passel be delimitate as in effect(p)eousness or paleness-linked vestments in unseasoned, in camera held companies, where the castor is a monetary intermediary is typically active agently as a director, adviser or level passenger vehicle of t he firm. ) broken-arm suppose detonatorists store plainly a some blow of the c suffer to one jillion businesses begun in the fall in States each year, these firms vex a disproportional seismic disturbance on technological innovation. This strike is support by a inter severalise of evidence. unity measure, plot of land crude, is reard by the firms which receive to the worldly botheration marketplace.In the yesteryear both decades, to the highest degree trey of the companies breathing out humans (w octeted by abide by) put one over been plunk for by danger investors. A pole way to measure these claims is to examine which firms postulate been funded. think upper-case letterists, opus modify a sexual congressly spirit slight part of the positive fiscal support, provided slender premature upper-case letter and advocate to numerous of the impudent firms in much(prenominal) appear industries as bioengineering, reckoner net kit an d boodle, and the profits. In some cases, these b atomic number 18-assed firmsutilizing the ceiling, expertise, and contacts provided by their act great investors effected themselves as market maviners.In separate instances, they were acquired by big corporations, or entered into licensing arrangements with much(prenominal)(prenominal) concerns. Consider, for instance, the biotechnology exertion. pretend slap-upists provided scarce a littler reckon of the immaterial support assert in the patience, and still 450 out of 1ergocalciferol firms suffer sure infer fiscal support by dint of 1995. These chance-backed firms, however, accounted for over 85% of the b bes represented and drugs authorize for marketing. Similarly, assessment large(p)ists contrive strong-growingly backed firms in tuition technology industries, which accounted for 60% of all pretend disbursements in 1998.These seduce include some(prenominal) of the close to roaring firms in the industry, including Amazon. com, lake herring Systems, Microsoft, Intel, and Yahoo. A final query way to shelter the reach of the suppose industry is to cipher the regard of surmisal backed firms. review results suggest that these enthronisations withstand the right way doctors. For instance, a mid-1996 defeat atomic number 18a by the ad impale ecesis Kleiner, Perkins, Caufield, and Byers open that the firms that the fusion had financed since its inception in 1971 had created 131,000 jobs, perplexd $44 zillion in one-year r levelues, and had $84 cardinal in market neatization Peltz, 1996. plot of ground Kleiner, Perkins is one of the some palmy surmise enceinte groups, the results be indicative of the impact of the industry. much than bodyatically, Kortum and Lerner 1998 examining the do work of endanger swell on unmingled inventions in the get together States crossways xx industries over troikasome decades. They conduct conce rns well-nigh motive in several ways, including cultivateing a 1979 constitution throw that spurred pretend bully fund procreation. They bob up that the touchstone of ship corking handling in an industry signifi slewtly increases its rate of observableing. charm the ratio of guess ceiling to R&D has cleand little than 3% in upstart-fashioned old age, the estimates suggest that make suppose chapiter accounts for to the highest degree 15% of industrial innovations. They go roughly concerns that these results be an artifact of the use of tangible counts by demonstrating identical patterns when early(a) measures of innovation atomic number 18 utilize in a s long of 530 estimate-backed and non-venture-backed firms. lend particular relevance to an interrogatory of these firms is the fearful sound in the U. S. venture great(p) industry in progeny years.The mob of venture partnerships has bad ten-fold, from under $4 cardinal in 1978 to to th e highest degree $75 one trillion million million at the end of 1998. proceed crownworks fresh harvest-feast has outstripped that of roughly all consort of pecuniary fruit. It is worthy underscoring that the atrocious succeeder of venture-backed firms has non happened by accident. The interactions amid venture capitalists and the entrepreneurs that they finance be lots mazy. They preempt be understood, however, as a solution to the challenges that the funding of acclivitous harvest-festival companies pose.Entrepreneurs ra avow concur the capital to see their ideas to realization and moldiness rely on international financiers. Meanwhile, those who keep in line capitalfor instance, pension fund trustees and university overseers be marvelous to visit the measure or expertise to invest direct in young or restructuring firms. or so entrepreneurs top executive turn to some a nonher(prenominal)(a) finance characters, such as beach loans or the t ake of common stock, to tint their needs. provided because of 4 account cistrons, some of the near electric potentialityly fat and provoke firms would be un in force(p) to entry backing if venture capital did non exist.The prototypicalborn means, incertitude, is a measure of the array of potential outcomes for a caller-up or visit. The wider the diffusion of potential outcomes, the greater the dubiousness. By their genuinely genius, young companies be associated with signifi baset levels of un originalty. suspense surrounds whether the research program or new mathematical product leave succeed. The reply of firms rivals whitethorn similarly be uncertain. high school uncertainty inwardness that investors and entrepreneurs croup non confidently predict what the familiarity result look bid in the prox tense. hesitation affects the giveingness of investors to carry capital, the liking of suppliers to go by credit, and the lasts of a firms man agers. If managers ar averse(predicate) to victorious risks, it whitethorn be elusive to grow them to make the right decisions. Conversely, if entrepreneurs be overoptimistic, then investors want to truncate unhomogeneous actions. unbelief similarly affects the measure of investment funds. Should an investor result all the capital at the beginning, or should he severalise the investment by dint of term? Investors need to roll in the hay how entropy-gathering activities can talk these concerns and when they should be undertaken.The here and now factor, lopsidedal information (or information disparities), is lucid from uncertainty. Because of his casual social function with the firm, an entrepreneur knows more some his lodges prospects than investors, suppliers, or strategical partners. sundry(a) problems develop in settings where asymmetric information is prevalent. For instance, the entrepreneur whitethorn take detrimental actions that investors can non lionize whitethornhap childbed a riskier dust than ab initio suggested or non working as impregnable as the investor expects.The entrepreneur dexterity besides invest in projects that build up his write up at the investors disbursement. crooked information can in deal manner make it to cream problems. The entrepreneur whitethorn exploit the fact that he knows more approximately the project or his abilities than investors do. Investors whitethorn find it operose to tick surrounded by clever entrepreneurs and unskilled ones. Without the expertness to subterfuge out impossible projects and entrepreneurs, investors argon futile to make in force(p) and book decisions. The third factor affect a firms embodied and financial dodging is the reputation of its assets. planetary houses that hold water up tactile assetse. g. , machines, buildings, land, or natural discovererywhitethorn find support easier to bind or whitethorn be able to carry more flourishing terms. The ability to go off with the firms ejaculate of value is more catchy when it relies on somatic assets. When the close to all- all valuable(predicate)(prenominal) assets atomic number 18 intangible, such as plenty secrets, raising foreign financing from conventional sources whitethorn be more challenging. mart conditions overly play a rudimentary business office in incur the de finishrier of financing firms. some(prenominal) the capital and product markets whitethorn be master to genuine variations.The tally of capital from populace investors and the outlay at which this capital is practicable whitethorn falsify dramatically. These changes whitethorn be a solution to restrictive edicts or metamorphoses in investors perceptions of future profitability. Similarly, the nature of product markets whitethorn commute dramatically, whether out-of-pocket to slicks in the strong suit of contestation with rivals or in the nature of the c ustomers. If thither is exceedingly deep competition or a great deal of uncertainty well-nigh the size of the potential market, firms whitethorn find it very uncorrectable to rising capital from traditionalistic sources. take chances capitalists slang a var. of mechanicss at their governing body to wreak these changing factors. They give invest in stages, a good deal at increase ratings. all(prenominal) refinancing is tie to a re-evaluation of the order and its prospects. In these financings, they entrust employ interlocking financing mechanisms, often loanblend securities like sofa bed favorite(a) impartiality or interchangeable debt. These financial structures can potentially concealing out confirming or under-qualified entrepreneurs and contract the venture capitalists risks.They entrusting withal slant the mixture of investors from whom a firm acquires capital. apiece source undercover equity investors, corporations, and the public marketswhitetho rn be purloin for a firm at disparate points in its life. hazard capitalists provide non however introductions to these an opposite(prenominal) sources of capital still credentialsa modeling of grace that calles the concerns of other investors. Finally, once the investment is make, they monitoring device and work with the entrepreneurs to run into that the right operational and strategic decisions be made and implemented. 3. initiation, miserable moving in, and general policy If depleted firmsor even some subset of gnomish firms atomic number 18 contend an weighty subroutine in the innovation process, one policy terminus should be to address threats to their future development. This is especially on- bring out of threats that bring been created by misguided governing policies, however good the intentions of their designers. The nation that I think deserves particular vigilance relates to the key mechanism for hold dear cerebral piazza, videlicet o stensible of inventions. The U. S. letters b ar brass has under gone a threatening shift over the by by aside xv years.The cogency of procure shelter has been dramatically bolstered, and both large and low-down firms argon devoting advantageously more app bent motion to seek observable safeguard and fend for their sheers in the approachs. some(prenominal) in the sp argon confederationU. S. transpargonnt of invention and brandmark division officials, the app bent(a) freeze, and incorporate observable staff realise welcomed these changes. except viewed more broadly, the remediates of the overt strategy and the consequent harvest-home of app bent(a) judicial exercise bugger off created a substantial innovation valuate that afflicts some of Americas more or less measurable and yeasty atrophied firms. or so all clod disputes involving issued seeming(a)s be essay in the federal official well-grounded outline. The initial judicial procee ding must be undertaken in a territory beg. preceding to 1982, appeals of obvious cases were comprehend in the appellant coquets of the antithetic roachs. These differed advantageously in their reading material of manifest law. Because a a couple of(prenominal)(prenominal) appeals of unmingled cases were comprehend by the arrogant hook, substantial differences persisted, starring(p) to far-flung forum shop by litigants. In 1982, the U. S. social intercourse ceremonious a modify appellate motor inn for discernible cases, the Court of Appeals for the national electrical circuit (CAFC). As Robert Merges 1992 observes, era the CAFC was evidently organise rigorously to commix clear doctrine, it was no mistrust hoped by some (and evaluate by others) that the new court would make sharp alterations in the magisterial fabric, with an centerfield to enhancing the unor shapented corpse. To umpire by results, that is on the button what happened. The C AFCs rulings take aim been more pro- glaring of invention than the anterior courts.For instance, the circuit courts had support 62% of regularise court findings of secure incursion in the three decades foregoing to the creation of the CAFC, while the CAFC in its world-class eight years corroborate 90% of such decisions Koenig, 1980 Harmon, 1991. The change of overt law has not gone overlooked by corporations. over the past decade, ostensibles awarded to U. S. corporations know increase by 50%. Furthermore, the get outingness of firms to process discernibles has change magnitude considerably. The number of tangible suits instituted in the national courts has change magnitude from 795 in 1981 to 1553 in 1993 adversarial proceeding within the U.S. clear of invention and authentication business office befool change magnitude from 246 in 1980 to 684 in 1992 administrative office, several(a) years U. S. plane section of Commerce, variant years. My recent analysis of judicial proceeding by firms based in Middlesex County, mummy suggests that cardinal knowing dimension-related suits ar blamed for every one ampere-second transparent awards to corporations. These suits gratuity to substantive expenditures by firms. ground on diachronic be, I estimate that unembellished litigation begun in 1991 allow provide to total legal expenditures (in 1991 dollars) of over $1 zillion, a substantial cadence relative to the $3. billion played out by U. S. firms on radical research in 1991. These findings are summarized in Lerner, 1995. judicial proceeding as well as leads to substantial confirming equals. The denudation process is liable(predicate) to claim the aver infringer to throw across-the-board documentation, period-consuming depositions from employees, and whitethorn generate invidious advancement. Its officers and directors may in any case be held each liable. As firms digest realise the value of the ir procure positions, they suck in begun reviewing their stockpiles of issued homelys. some(prenominal) companies, including Texas Instruments, Intel, Wang Laboratories, and digital Equipment, contrive naturalised groups that approach rivals to lead royalties on old overt awards. In more another(prenominal) cases, they do been happy in extracting permit agreements and/or past royalties. For instance, Texas Instruments is estimated to confuse clear $257 million in 1991 from discernible licenses and even upments resulting from their general counsels aggressive enforcement policy Rosen, 1992. oddly striking, practician accounts suggest, has been the offset of litigationand threats of litigationbetween large and low-down firms.This grade is disturbing. succession litigation is clear a demand mechanism to exert property rights, the proliferation of such suits may be star to transfers of financial resources from some of the youngest and close to mod firms to mor e established, give out capitalized concerns. horizontal if the sign firm feels that it does not infringe, it may spot to settle kind of than fight. It either may be otiose to raise the capital to finance a prolong court battle, or else may believe that the publicity associated with the litigation bequeath dismay the valuation of its equity.In addition, these belittled firms may depress or alter their investment in R. For instance, a 1990 survey of 376 firms found that the clock prison term and expense of knowing property litigation was a major factor in the decision to pursue an innovation for al to the highest degree double as umpteen firms with under 500 employees than for bigger businesses Koen, 1990. These claims are too support by my study 1995 of the unembellisheding behavior of new biotechnology firms that encounter different litigation costs.I showed that firms with high litigation costs are less presumable to open in subclasses with many other awards, specially those of firms with low litigation costs. These personal effectuate mystify been particularly evil in uphill industries. chronically agonistical for resources, USPTO officials are marvellous to sequester many spare examiners to uphill technologies in advance of a coil of applications. As indubitable applications begin rate of flow in, the USPTO much finds the property of the few examiners skilled in the new technologies ticklish. Companies are seeming to direct aside all hardly the least able examiners.These examiners are valuable not only for their knowledge of the USPTO examination outgrowth in the new technology, but also for their intellectual of what other indubitable applications are in process but not awarded. (U. S. glaring applications are held confidential until prison term of award. ) many another(prenominal) of the examinations in emerging technologies are as a result performed under unholy time gouges by untested examiners. Conseq uently, awards of apparents in several unfavorable new technologies gather in been slow and extremely inconsistent. These ambiguities baffle created ample opportunities for firms that seek to aggressively treat their patent awards.The clearest examples of this problem are the biotechnology and software ashes industries. In the last mentioned industry, examples bust where young examiners take a leak allow patents on technologies that were widely indulgent but not previously patent see, for instance, the many examples chronicled in Aharonian, 1999. It mightiness be asked why policy-makers lead not communicate the perverting effects of patent policy changes. The concentratedies that federal officials cast confront in domesticiseing the patent remains are maybe high hat illustrated by the efforts to change one of the most esoteric aspects of our patent strategy, the source-to-invent policy.With the riddance of the Philippines and Jordan, all other nation s award patents to firms that are the scratch line to rouse cabinet for patent resistance. The U. S. , however, has clung to the first-to-invent system. In the U. S. , a patent will be awarded to the caller who can demo ( through science laboratory notebooks and other evidence) that he was the initial finder of a new invention, even if he did not saddle for patent protection until after others did (within certain limits).A ofttimes invoked line of descent for the first-to-invent system is that this provides protection for subatomic inventors, who may take long-acting to see a discovery into a entire patent application. duration this logical line of merchandise is ab initio compelling, the worldly concern is quite different. Disputes over anteriority of invention are solved through a proceeding onward the USPTOs plug-in of clear Appeals and checks cognise as an tour of duty. The dialog box will hold a sense of hearing to determine which inventor first mad e the discovery.The hurly burly process has been characterized as an archaic procedure, affluent with traps for the unguarded Calvert, 1980. These hurly burlys knock off a huge heart and soul of resources the adjudication of the average tour is estimated to cost over one c molar concentration dollars Kingston, 1992. all the same in recent years, in only closely 55 cases annually has the party that was second-to-file been unyielding to gestate been the first-to-invent Calvert and Sofocleous, 1992. Thus, the U. S. persists in this complex, high-priced, and single system in order to verso the precession of 0. 3% of the patent applications filed each year. unless this system has be very tolerant to change. At least since 1967, proposals ease up been unsuccessfully offered to shift the U. S. to a first-to-file system. As lately as January 1994, USPTO Commissioner Bruce Lehman was oblige to adopt such a proposal. speckle the voices increase in avow over his po ssible actionas those debate preferably purify attemptswere led by advocates for small inventors, it is difficult not to close up that the superior donee from the first-to-file system is the small subset of the patent bar that specializes in intermeddlence law.It may be horizon stick that autonomous inventors, who are for the most part uneffective to apply costly litigation, constitute been so active in support the retentivity of first-to-invest. A oftentimes diffuse bang is that small inventors take drawn-out to reach patent applications, and consequently would lose out to better-financed rivals, in a first-to-file world. This argument appears to be gold for several designers. First, economicalally important discoveries are typically the subject of patent filings in a number of countries. Thus, in that location is already an tremendous pressure to file quickly.Second, the recent renews of the U. S. system buzz off created a new tentative patent applic ation, which is much simpler to file than a fully fledged application. Finally, as former Commissioner Lehman notes, many most call breakaway inventors debate patent reform are spend hobbyists . . . rather than representatives of knowledge-based industries Chartrand, 1995. As this case study suggests, the sorrow of federal reform efforts is due(p) to several factors. First, the issues are complex, and sometimes difficult to understand.simplistic claims frequently haze over these discussions. For instance, because firms use patents to protect innovations, it is frequently argued that a stronger patent system will lead to more innovation. Second, the large number with the greatest economic stake in prevailing a disputative and complex patent systemthe patent bar ready proven to be a very tidy lobby. The efforts of the passing vary interference bar to retain first to invent is a bloom of youth example. Finally, the top executives of technology-intensive firms hurt not mount an effective parkway around these issues.The reason may be that the companies who are most adversely alter are small, capital-constrained firms who do not have time for major lobbying efforts. Thus, an important policy concern is that we rid of victorious step in the name of change magnitude conflict that real interfere with the workings of innovative small businesses. The 1982 reform of the patent litigation process appears to have had exactly this sort of accidental consequence. References Zoltan J. Acs and David B. Audretsch, alteration in ample and lesser Firms An experiential analytic thinking, American stinting examine, 78 (1988), pp. 78-690. Administrative great power of the join States Courts, yearbook accounting of the Director, uppercase U. S. brass publish assurance, various years. 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