Natural gas as source of energy

lifelike waste as start of energyACKNOWLEDGEMENTI Munish kumar of B.Tech MBA (IT) indirect request to express my intense feeling and experienced that I had sequence do this term paper.I am really thankful to our Chemistry Mam Mrs. Sonika who not nevertheless(prenominal) give us this term paper to do further also widen our view in respective topic.Last plainly not the least, I would like to thanks my friends who not only abet me but also helped in completing this term paper. Introduction to intrinsic assail as a cite of energyIt is a categorization of hydro carbon copys (molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen and shooteres (most notably methane, ethane, propane, and butane) that exist by nature in rocks downstairs the surface of the earth. it is widely utilize as a shake uping rootage, and in some cases specific portions of the indwelling atom smasher sh aric number 18 apply as starting materials in industrial processes. inwrought fuck up is the p roduct of the decomposition reactioning of living matter over millions of years. specific conditions (including low atomic number 8 levels) be necessary for this to occur. the hydrogen attackes be trapped in geological beations known as anticlines. each of the major hydrocarbon comp peerlessnts of indispensable muff pedal is employ as a send away source.before instinctive ball up fanny be used as a rouse, it must undergo extensive process to remove almost all materials other than methane. the by-products of that processing involve ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes and mellow molecular weight hydrocarbons, elemental sulfur, and sometimes helium and nitrogen.natural bluster is a versatile source of energy, which can be used by variant actors. heating and voltaicity gene balancen work been the main traditional uses. translation/technical characteristics indwelling turgidity is colourless, odourless, tasteless, shapeless and lighter than air. it is triggermane ous at any temperature over -161 c. when it is at its natural state, it is not possible to moot or smell natural fluff. for safety reasons, a chemical odorant that smells a little like rotten eggs, mercaptan, is added to natural suck so that it can be smelled if there is a gas leak. natural gas is a mixture of light hydrocarbons including methane, ethane, propane, butanes and pentanes. Other compounds found in natural gas include co2, helium, hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen. the composition of natural gas is neer constant, however, the primary comp championnt of natural gas is methane (typically, at least 90%), which has a simple hydrocarbon structure composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms (ch4). methane is highly flammable, burns easily and almost completely, plot of ground it emits precise little air contamination. natural gas is neither acerb nor poisonous, its ignition temperature is high, and it has a narrow flammability range, making it an inherently safe fogey discharge compared to other burn sources. in addition, because of its specific gravity of 0.60, lower than that of air (1.00), natural gas rises if escaping, thus dissipating from the site of any leak.The carbon and hydrogen in natural gas are thought to go through with(predicate) originated from the cadaver of plants and animals that were accumulated at the bottom of lakes and oceans over millions of years. After having been conceal under huge layers of other sediments, the organic material is transformed into petroleum rock oil and natural gas as a result of the high pressure from the layers of sediments and the heat from the earths core. The oil and gas are then squeezed appear of the marine shales in which they were deposited, and from there go into porous sedimentary rocks. oil and gas migrates upward through the porous rock, as it is less obtuse than the body of water, which fills the pores. Several different types of oil and gas traps exist.Occurance of natur al gas essential gas is found throughout the initiation in reservoirs deep beneath the surface of the earth and floor of the oceans. It forms as pockets of gas over common oil deposits or is trapped in porous rock formations. inhering gas can be found in oil deposits, as associated natural gas, although non-associated natural gas is often found without the presence of oil.When natural gas is cooled to a temperature of approximately -260f at atmospheric pressure, it condenses to a fluidness called turn natural gas (lng). One volume of this liquid takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas. lng weighs less than fractional that of water, actually about 45% as much. lng is odourless, colourless, non-corrosive, and non-toxic. When vaporized it burns only in concentrations of 5% to 15% when mixed with air. Neither lng, nor its vapour, can puff up in an unconfined environment. Since lng takes less volume and weight, natural gas is liquid for ease of storing and transporting.N atural gas is considered as a clean fuel because of its environmentally friendly properties commercialised natural gas is practically process free and thus it produces virtually no sulphur dioxide (so2), natural gas emits lower levels of nitrogen oxides (nox) emissions than oil or coal and emissions of carbon dioxide (co2) are less than those of other fossil fuels (according to eurogas 40-50% less than coal and 25-30% less than oil).1Natural gas chemical composition.The primary component of natural gas is methane (ch4), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule. it may also contain heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane (c2h6), propane (c3h8) and butane (c4h10), as well as other sulphur containing gases, in varying amounts, represent also natural gas condensateNatural gas is used to produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity and as an essential raw material for more common products. Some products that use natural gas as a raw material are paints, fertil izer, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, and explosives.Slightly more than half of the places in the United States use natural gas as their main heating fuel. Natural gas is also used in homes to fuel stoves, water heaters, clothes dryers, and other household appliances.The major consumers of natural gas in the United States in 2008 includedElectric personnel domain 6.7 trillion cubic feet (Tcf)Industrial sector 7.9 Tcfresidential sector 4.9 Tcf technical sector 3.1 TcfStorage of natural gasin smaller fuel locations and on fomites, natural gas is stored in thick-walled steel, aluminum, or composite tanks make to last more than 20 years.Fossil fuelA fuel that is derived from the decay of plant or animal life coal, oil, and natural gas are the fossile fuel. fossil fuels are non re spick-and-spanable energy.because they take millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being formed. concern about fossil fuel sup plies is one of the causes of regional and global conflicts. the production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. a global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is then under way to help meet increased energy needs. 3 molten natural gas uses as source of energyThe ability to liquify the components of natural gas (either as a mixture or in isolation) has do natural gas much more practical as a energy source.. the liquefaction of natural gass components of the different boiling points of methane, ethane, and other gases as a way of purifying each substance. a combination of infrigidation and increased pressure allows the individual gases to be stored and transported conveniently. at one time, the natural gas which often accompanied petroleum.in the ground was simply burned kill as a means of getting rid of it. recently, however, this gas has been collected, liquefied and used along with the petroleum.4Residential uses as source of energyResidential ap plications are the most commonly known use of natural gas. it can be used for cooking, washing and drying, water warming, heating and air conditioning. domestic appliances are increasingly improved in order to use natural gas more economically and safely. operating costs of natural gas equipment are generally lower than those of other energy sources.Commercial uses as source of energyMain commercial uses of natural gas are food service providers, hotels, healthcare facilities or office buildings. commercial applications include cooling (space conditioning and refrigeration), cooking or heating.Compressed natural gas as a source of energyCompressed natural gas (cng) is a fossil fuel substitute for flatulence (petrol), diesel engine, or propane fuel. cng is made by compressing natural gas (which is principally composed of methane ch4), to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric pressure. it is stored and distributed in potent containers, at a normal pressure of 200-220 bar (2900-3200 psi), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes.CNG is used in traditional flatulency internal combustion engine cars that have been reborn into bi-fuel vehicles.Uses as source of energy for transportationNatural gas vehicles (ngvs)NGVS are natural gas powered vehicles. natural gas can be used as a motor vehicle fuel in two ways as compressed natural gas (CNG), which is the most common form, and as liquefied natural gas. natural gas vehicles fleet accounts for about one and a half million vehicles orbitwide (according to the international natural gas vehicles association). concerns about air quality in most parts of the world are increasing the interest in using natural gas as a fuel for vehicles. cars using natural gas are estimated to emit 20% less greenhouse gases than gasoline or diesel cars. these vehicles are not a new technology since they have been used since the 1930s. in many countries ngvs are introduced to replace buses, taxis and other public vehic le fleets. natural gas in vehicles is inexpensive and convenient.Rating in world in transportation fuelCompressed natural gas (methane) is a cleaner alternative to other automobile fuels such as gasoline (petrol) and diesel. as of 2008 there were 9,6 million natural gas vehicles worldwide, led by pakistan (2.0 million), argentina (1.7 million), brazil (1.6 million), iran (1.0 million), and india (650 thousand).1213 the energy efficiency is generally equal to that of gasoline engines, but lower compared with modern diesel engines. gasoline/petrol vehicles converted to run on natural gas suffer because of the low conglutination ratio of their engines, resulting in a cropping of delivered power while running on natural gas (10%-15%). cng-specific engines, however, use a higher compression ratio due to this fuels higher octane number of 120-130.HydratesHydrateshuge quantities of natural gas (primarily methane) exist in the form of hydrates under sediment on offshore continental shelves and on land in arctic regions that experience permafrost such as those in siberia (hydrates require a combination of high pressure and low temperature to form). however, as of 2009update no technology has been developed to produce natural gas economically from hydrates.Domestic use as a source of energyNatural gas is supplied to homes, where it is used for such purposes as cooking in natural gas-powered ranges and/or ovens, natural gas-heated clothes dryers, heating/cooling and central heating. home or other building heating may include boilers, furnaces, and water heaters. cng is used in clownish homes without connections to piped-in public public utility services, or with movable grills. however, due to cng being less economical than lpg, lpg (propane) is the dominant source of rural gas5.Biogas part of natural gasWhen methane-rich gases are produced by the anaerobiotic decay of non-fossil organic matter (biomass), these are referred to as biogas (or natural biogas). sources of biogas include swamps, marshes, and landfills (see landfill gas), as well as sewage sludge and manure4 by way of anaerobic digesters, in addition to enteric fermentation particularly in cattle. townsfolk gasTown gas is a mixture of methane and other gases, mainly the highly toxic carbon monoxide, that can be used in a similar way to natural gas and can be produced by actioning coal chemically. this is a historic technology, still used as best solution in some local circumstances, although coal gasification is not usually economic at current gas prices. however, depending upon infrastructure considerations, it remains a future possibilityPOWER GENRATIONPower generation electric utilities and independent power producers are increasingly using natural gas to provide energy for their power plants. in general, gas fuelled power plants have lower capital costs, are built faster, work more expeditiously and emit less pollution than other fossil fuel power plants. technological improvem ents in design, efficiency and operation of combined cycle gas turbines and co-generation processes are favouring the use of natural gas in power generation. a combined-cycle power plant uses waste heat to produce more electricity, while natural gas co-generation, also called combined heat and power, produces power and heat that is useful for industry as well as commercial users. this cogeneration reduces pollution emission considerably.Fuel cellsA fuel cell is an electrochemical twisting that combines hydrogen fuel and oxygen from the air to produce electricity, heat and water. fuel cells operate without combustion, so they are virtually pollution free. since the fuel is converted directly to electricity, a fuel cell can operate at much higher efficiencies than internal combustion engines, extracting more electricity from the equivalent amount of fuel. the fuel cell itself has no moving parts, making it a quiet and reliable source of power. natural gas is one of the threefold fu els on which fuel cells can operate.In industries as a source of energynatural gas is used as an input to shape pulp and paper, metals, chemicals, stone, clay, glass, and to process certain foods. gas is also used to treat waste materials, for incineration, drying, dehumidification, heating and cooling, and cogeneration.Advantages of natural gaseNatural gas is more environmentally friendly that coal or oil. it is composed of methane, which has just one carbon, producing very low carbon emissions. natural gas emits an estimated 70% less carbon dioxide that other fuels. natural gas burns cleaner than heating oil, and does not leave product, like ash, behind.Natural gas is very popular, and the major source of energy for most consumers. it is conveniently pumped to homes across the country through a network of underground pipeline. it is provided through a local providers and utility companies. 6Cost-effectiveNatural gas is more cost-effective because it is in rich supply in the unit ed states. this is further proven because natural gas, as opposed to oil, is not required for import from foreign countries.DisadvantagesOne disadvantage, ascribe as an advantage as well, is the environmental impact. experts on both sided advocate these facts. it is cleaner to burn. however, natural gas is also a non-renewable resource. its use and availableness is finite, as opposed to coal or oil. many critics also evidence natural gas extraction is leaving large craters within the earth. combustible materialDue to its make-up, natural gas is combustible and easily explosive if handled improperly. with a leak, the gas builds up within a room or structure. when that gas is ignited it causes an explosion. the severity of the explosion depends upon the amount of the leak.Natural gas is toxic if inhaled, leading to severe health risk or even death.BIBILOGRAPHY-www.ehow.comwww.naturalgas.orghttp//tonto.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm? summon=natural_gas_home-basicshttp//www.energyquest. ca.gov/story/chapter08.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp//www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/cng.htmlwww.ornl.gov/reporter/no16/methane.htmhttp//www.getenergyaware.org/energy-natural-gas.asphttp//www.kidzworld.com/article/1423-fossil-fuel-energy