The Serial Killer Jeffrey Dahmer General Studies Essay

The Serial Killer Jeffrey Dahmer General Studies EssayJeffrey Li singlel Dahmer overly known as Milwaukee monster was a nonorious American ensuant killer and wakeual offender in the 1980s and early 1990s. crosswise subjects his surname is actually synonymous with monster and with good reason. His victims were usually raped, tortured, dismembered. Jeffrey was a troubled child psychologically and his amicable skills had a solidification to be desired. All the way through his upbringing he was unheeded and had let appear fantasies of cadavers. In his adulthood this psycho affable status quo didnt change and was in fact aggravated. This write up uses two criminological theories to scrutinize the spirit- prison term, spirit, crimes and twist mien of Dahmer herein later referred to as Jeffrey. Through the social reassure theory and psychological theory, the paper will analyze the life of Jeffrey with respect to his criminal life. It will go on to try and find bring out i f Jeffreys disposition imbalances and assimilation determined the ancestry of his life. The validity of the two theories with respect to Jeffrey Dahmer lies in their outlook on the of adjoin socialization and psychological state of beware on criminology. It ends at a note of asking was Jeffreys socialization the problem or was it his psychological imbalances or was it a particular of both humankinds.BiographyDahmer was born Jeffrey Li nonpareill Dahmer on may 21st, 1960 in West Allis, Wisconsin. He was born to Joyce and Lionel Dahmer afterward a embarrassing pregnancy with frequent morning sickness and muscle spasms that had Joyce on ethical do drugs drugs. His being a normal fundawork forcetal American family, his puerility was only manage that of any other(a) American child. He had two parents who dearly and loved their only son at the time. Joyce actually had a microchip book where she recorded the take downts of her sons life his source accident, his first step , his first tooth and even his first sc anileing. During Dahmers very tender age, his father an analytical chemist utilise to work long hours in his laboratory slice his mother was a teletype machine instructor (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009). collectible to their professional lives, Jeffrey did not grow a strong bond with his family.From all accounts Dahmer was a happy child in a loving family who enjoyed typical toddler activities. Living with Lionels parents caused a lot of tension in the Dahmers marriage and they eventually move to a speckle of their own in East Milwaukee. At the age of four, Jeffrey underwent a hernia operation which label the beginning of his personality changes. He became less communicative and more isolated as the years dragged by. In 1966, the Dahmers locomote to Bath, Ohio where his Lionel was suppositious to further his chemistry studies. The house they lived in was surrounded by free-spoken forest and Jeffreys isolation grew as he could lose himself in his profess believe world. During the move Joyce was pregnant and the marital problems recurred. In December of that year, Jeffreys little brother David was born alone as the former was entering first grade (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009). The following year, the family moved again to Barberton, Ohio. The marital tensions increased when David suffered from colic. match to press hi tier, at the age of eight, Jeffrey called a probation officer with claims of sexual torment from a neighbor. This was handle, adding to his list of rejection. Jeffreys school years were marked with his collection of un constituteed faunas and conducting experiments on them due his lack of socialization. Jeffrey was exposed to the world of chemistry at a very tender age and he explored it with his animals.He moved on to Revere high school where his privacy continued for no matter how hard he tried he al shipway was an outsider. though he worked on the school newspaper, his shyne ss denied him the opportunity of making umteen friends. As in social overtop theory, he continually booked in antisocial behavior. His grades were average and it is during this plosive that he genuine a drinking problem. Most of his neighbors til now remembered him as a shy male child whose loneliness took a toll on him psychologically. When Jeffrey was almost eighteen, Lionel and Joyce went their separate ways and disjoind. Joyce went with David and Jeffrey was left with his father (Dahmer, 1994). The divorce was in itself a bitter leave-taking and communication lines were cut entirely that Jeffrey didnt even have his mothers forwarding address. He graduated from high school and went on forwards to join Ohio advance University. To camouflage his loneliness, most of his time here was spent drinking and skipping legal age of his classes. His classmates were noted to avoid him and the director of national honor society blacked out a picture of Jeffreys that was eventually used for psychiatric evaluation during his trial. He consequently dropped out after two semesters. During this period, specifically in 1978 he started his criminal life by cleansing Steven Hicks (Davis, 1991).Lionel did not take his drop from college well and he offered Jeffrey an ultimatum to join the army or get a job. In 1979, Jeffrey enlisted in the army for six years and was sent to Germany. His loneliness induced drinking however persisted and he was discharged only after two years in 1981. Afraid of facing his father and with a ticket to wherever he wanted to go in the country, Jeffrey headed to Miami Beach, Florida. In Florida he spent his time at a hospital scarcely he didnt lowest(a) as he was once again kicked out due to his alcoholism. He went back home and his alcoholism saw to it that he was arrested in 1981 for a drunk and disorderly charge. In 1982, he moved in with his paternal grandmother in West Allis. During this time, his behavior grew progressively strang e as told by his grandmother. She tack a stolen mannequin in his closet and a 357 magnum. It is similarly during this time that he was arrested again in 1982 and in 1986 for indecent exposure.Tired of his late nights, foul basement smells and habitual weird behavior his grandmother asked him to move out in the spend of 1988 (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009).Jeffrey moved to the west side of Milwaukee near his place of work, Ambrosia coffee Factory. Just a day after moving into his new apartment, Jeffrey was arrested for drugging and a sexually fondling a thirteen year old male child. He was sentenced to five years probation and was required to register as a sex offender. Shortly thereafter he began a string of murders that cease with his arrest in 1991 (Davis, 1991). After a two week trial, the courts found Jeffrey guilty of fifteen counts of first degree murder and convicted him for fifteen life terms a basic life sentence. Jeffrey served his time at the capital of South Carolina Correctional Institution in Portage Wisconsin. There were two attacks on his life the first in July 1994 where he was attacked with a razor blade and survived with modify wounds. During the second attack in November 1994, Jeffrey and a fellow inmate were attacked with a bar from a weight machine and he succumbed to the head hurt (Davis, 1991).Personality ProfileTo discern what makes a series killer like Dahmer function, it is necessary to look into their past particularly their childhood and puberty (Holmes Holmes, 1998). As revealed by his biography, Dahmer was a normal child who enjoyed the normal childhood activities. The social control theory and the psychological theory will therefrom be used to explain the metamorphosis in his character. The shift in his personality started when he was four and had to undergo a hernia operation. During this tough period of the surgery his mother was preoccupied with her own troubles and his father was busy structure his career in chemistry. Jeffrey was left with no one to tell him what was loss on with his life, why he was sick and why he had to go to the hospital for an operation. After the surgery, his personality began to change from being a amusing social child to a loner who was always withdrawn and uncommunicative. He rarely disobeyed his parents and as a result Lionel took this personality changes as a sign of obedience. His happy facial expressions transformed from a happy childhood smiles to a motionless, blank stare he wore until the end of his time (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009).throughout his childhood his parents were always involved in squabbles and young Jeffrey took all this to flavour. lastly they ended up splitting up and with a bitter divorce Jeffrey lost contact with his mother and younger brother David. Dahmers history of defection left him with feelings of loss and rejection. This rejection situation fueled the already withdrawn personality of Jeffrey. After they moved to Bat h his insecurities were heightened and his shy nature ensured that he had fewer friends. When most nation his age were playing video games and listening to last music, Jeffrey turned to his make believe world in the forest rough their home. His favorite past time was collecting road kill, stripping the animal carcasses and saving the swot up. This love of carcasses and bones had actually begun when he was four. His father took this as the love of chemistry and he took him to his lab where Jeffrey was clearly fascinated by the bones. Lionel went on ahead to get Jeffrey his first chemistry set when he was in elementary school. With the set he used acid to rally the meat off departed(p) animals noted his step mother Shari (Dahmer, 1994).As a teenager, Jeffrey had fantasies about cleanup spot and mutilating men. Unlike most serial killers Jeffreys fantasies rotate some passive sex leading to his necrophilia. This could be one of the reasons why he killed his victims. So any ot her idle time he had from collecting road kill, he spent it deep inside the world of his fantasies. In the neighborhood, Jeffrey was suspected of kill animals just to add on to his collection. nevertheless in puberty his non confrontational attitude towards his parents was not taken as a sign of isolation (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009). During his high school years, Jeffrey continued to be a loner. Unknown to anyone Jeffrey was slowly mentally disintegrating due to his loneliness and in 1978 he acted out his fantasies after high school. His first victim was Steven Hicks. As later told by Jeffrey, he killed Steven because the latter wanted to leave (Davis, 1991).It is however important to note that Jeffrey was a well spoken man who gave no indications of his criminal tendencies. During one of the near escapes of one of his victims Konerak, Jeffrey was seen by the police as intelligent, soft spoken and very calm. He was so smooth talk that the police believed his story that t he young boy was his lover he was just so drunk over the incoherent Konerak. He even went ahead to apologize to the police promising of avoiding a recurrence of his lover behavior. This could be a reason why it took so long before he was discovered. It has thus been noted that Jeffrey Dahmer was a very complex man ugly from mixed personalities (Stone, 2006)Criminal BehaviorCriminal behavior comprises of a enceinte number and diversity of acts. These ranges from actions that violate the law, violate morality, violate norms of religion or violate customs and tradition (Helfgott, 2008). In the context of this paper Dahmers criminal behavior allow in the actions that he did that were influenced by his psychological state of mind and his socialization.Dahmers psychological fantasies included a chain of crimes against his victims systems. For most of his victims the scene was the comparable and it more often than not began with consensual sex. He would often date his victims in gay bars and go with them to his apartment often after enticing them with free booze or money. once the consensual sex was over, he would drug them, abouttimes kill them and thusly kill them usually by strangulation or by stabbing (Miller, Vandome, McBrewster, 2009). He would then masturbate over the cadaver or have sex with the dead body. His next step was usually dismembering where he cut up the stiff into split using his power saw. With the use of acid he outside the meat from the skulls and unploughed them as achievement trophies of his collection . In appendage to the skulls, he usually stored other body parts like the heart in his refrigerator or in vaults and he ate these parts on occasion. Their genitalia were also kept as memoirs while the muscles were kept for future use (Davis, 1991).Suffice to say Jeffrey also performed lobotomies on some of his victims. To some he went on ahead to drill a mussiness in their skulls and pour some acid. This made the victim stay sub sisting exactly in a zombie like state for days. From the things found in his house on his arrest, it was found that Jeffrey used chloroform to drug his victims. The male genitalia were preserved in formaldehyde. Simply put, Jeffrey was a serial killer who killed his victims brutally, had sex with their corpses, dismembered them and later ate some of the parts (Davis, 1991).Crimes/ MurdersJeffrey Dahmer admitted to a series of gruesome murders of seventeen men during his thirteen years killing spree, spanning from 1978 to 1991 when he was arrested. Most of his victims were young and belonged to minority groups like people of color. Due to the number of victims and the complexities in each of the individual cases, this paper will bear a general overview of the crimes. It is worth noting that in all his crimes, Jeffrey acted out his psychological imbalances which were influenced by his rejection by society. Jeffrey committed his first murder in the summer of 1978. His father and st epmother had gone forth and he had the house to himself. Jeffrey picked up a 19 year old add upchhiker, Steven Hicks and invited him to his house. The two drank beer and had sex. However when Hicks was ready to leave, Jeffrey hit Hicks with a barbell and killed him. Jeffrey, acting out his sensation of rejection later said that he killed Hicks because Hicks wanted to leave and Jeffey didnt want him to. He then cut up the body into parts which he put into garbage bags and buried around his fathers kosherty. Years later he dug up the bag, crushed the bones covering his tracks (Davis, 1991). He went through a period of nine years without killing anyone but was arrested for sexual offences like indecent exposure. Because of the embarrassment he was causing Lionel sent him to his grandmother. In 1987 while on probation for his molestation charges, Jeffrey met Steven Tourmi at a gay club called 219. They went to the Ambassador hotel, got intoxicated and passed out. Dahmer claimed that when he woke Tourmi was dead and he wouldnt remember the events of the previous night. He subsequently put the corpse in a suitcase, took it to his grandmothers basement where he had sex with the corpse, masturbated on it and dismembered it. He then put the parts in garbage parts and threw them away (Davis, 1991).After Tourmi, Jeffrey struck twice in 1988 and once in 1989. In 1990 his grandmother asked him to move out. Once again rejected he had the ambit of acting out his psychological fantasies. With his own place and no one to be bothered by his queerness and foul smells, the speed of his killing increased. As a result the murders of Eddie Smith, Ricky Beeks, Earnest Miller and David Thomas marked the christening of the infamous apartment in 1990 (Davis, 1991). Two more murders in 1991preceded the murder of Konerak Sinthasomphone. His story was probably one of the most covered in the press as he had gotten a chance of escaping. When the police arrived, Jeffrey was also there an d he smooth talked the police into believing that Konerak was his lover. The police ignored the two women and went with Jeffrey to his apartment where he showed them pictures and clothes of Konerak. By virtue of this and not believing the incoherent Konerak the police left the boy with Jeffrey who later killed and dismembered the boy (Davis, 1991).By summer of 1991, Jeffreys killings escalated with his sense of loneliness. He went to killing an average of one person per week. July nineteenth marked the last of victims who were to die by Jeffreys hand. His last murder victim was twenty five year old Joseph Bradehoft. trinity days later, specifically on the twenty second of July, Jeffrey lured Tracy Edwards into his home a man who turned out to be the end of Jeffreys killing spree. As later narrated by Edwards, Jeffrey tried to cuff Edwards but was unable to do so. Jeffrey proceeded to yield a butcher knife and force Edwards into the bedroom grievous him how he will savor the latter s heart (Davis, 1991).In the bedroom, Edwards saw pictures of assaulted men and took in the foul sense in the room. He thus punched Jeffrey and ran on to the streets where he flagged a police car and led them back to Jeffreys place. Once again, he tried playing his smooth talker card but Edwards remembered the butcher knife. The contents of the house led to the arrest of Jeffrey Dahmer (Davis, 1991).Policy Implications of the Jeffrey Dahmer brassJeffrey Dahmers story is one of the stories that will be remembered millions of years for sparking moots on reviews of American policies. The core implications are on social and psychological principles. The social control theory and the psychological theory with respect to Dahmers life offers policy consequences that include education that helps kids in development of socialization skills through involvement, parenting programs aimed at proper human beings of social bonds and diversion programs for delinquents to alter their psychosocial states. The significance of Jeffreys case awoke the debate on social implications due to the removal of the death penalty. The fact that Jeffrey was killed while serving his sentence raised questions on the ability of the American society to manage crime without capital punishment (Holmes Holmes, 1998).The case also highlighted a lot of policy reforms needed in the police sector. Many critics felt that Konerak could have been easily the killers last victim if the police had taken the time to carry more investigative work. In addition, by virtue of how Jeffrey addicted of his body it has been noted that in solving a serial killers bleak case geographical profiling could be a step in the right direction. The policy implications of his case also spawned on appetency killing and sexual disorders research. From the case, substantial progress has been made in the development of methods aimed at identifying sexual disorders at an early age. The causal link between lust killing and per sonality imbalances has also been further explored. The study of Jeffreys case has thus illuminated links between disorders like substance abuse and killing. This has served in the development of policies aimed at treating these disorders instead of dealing with their consequences (Silva, Ferrari, Leong, 1997).The opinions on how the criminal incidents of Jeffrey could have been prevented are many and varied. But one common factor is the Konerak story. In the minds of many people who have come across the young boys story is a picture of the boy running for his life. And many more people believe that his life could have been saved were the police more careful. The economic consumption of parents in the socialization process can thus be ignored only at the peril of the society.ConclusionThe idea behind social control theory and psychological theory is that everyone has the capability to commit a crime and this could be very well influenced by their psychological state of mind. Jeffr ey Dahmer was an intensely troubled child who grew up in an environment rejecting him fuelling his loneliness. As an adult his instability only escalated. This has revealed that parental upbringing is of core wideness in a childs development of social skills. As seen with Jeffrey Dahmer he did not receive that socialization bond be it with his parent or other people in his life. All the way through his childhood, Jeffrey Dahmer was ignored and developed a way of perceiving himself as an outsider, rejected by society. This loneliness and sense of rejection grew until it aggravated his compulsion to commit the monstrous crimes of murder, necrophilia, and cannibalism. As seen from his biography he didnt have close relationships that could have deterred him from committing the crime as the social control theory suggests. In his loneliness Jeffrey filled that void with dismembering animals, a behavior later seen in his crimes. It can thus be concluded that creation and nurturing of soci al bonds are very essential in childhood socialization and in the development of stable psychological state of mind.

The Macro and micro environment Analysis

The Macro and micro environment AnalysisBusiness rear be make ford by galore(postnominal) distinct external stimuli, for example, recession in economy would put a tell effect on any business, to a prominenter extentover, national economy cut outfall, largeness judge would put and adverse effect on the business too. Besides, what turned come out of the closet to be an adverse effect for many an(prenominal) com cooking panies, it became a beneficial predict for dominoes pizza pie, becoming unrivalled of the leading and dominant pizza improvement on earth.As stated by CEO of dominoes pizza that results lay down shown the enough proof that in time of recession our prices and our club remained stable. The trend had totally changed, heap who practice sessiond to eat out were deceased person in numbers which shown that concourse ar non departing to turn over expenditures or maybe they dont lead enough to spend.The CEO of dominoes pizza pie was committed to reco gnise planning which included a process of obtaining m unrivalledtary resource which they couldnt catch in the past which has been invested on Alternative investment grocery. parcel price of this this confederation similarly went up to the top since the confederacy has been naturalised in 1999 and this large group now possess lots than than basketball team hundred sites exclusively in United Kingdom and Ireland, which more plans to open in the future.By bringing raw(a) ideas into work, dominoes sales had gone up by introducing impudent pizzas for example Meatero. Second one to mention would be Rugby theme Scrummy, aboard the impertinently-fashioned- do way of lifes in which pronounces ar make. Orders atomic number 18 not exactly taken via phones precisely in any case online, cubicle phone texts. This type of ordering has gone up in a signifi tail endt way. Environment of outdoors is very dynamic and is rapidly changing, allthing which is outside the bou ndary of the business would be counted as an external source. dominos compensate to succeed, even in the current harsh economic conditions, beca enjoyment of dominos sick snap on the quality of dominos pizzas, intense devotion to benefit and by tradeing to dominos guests when and where they want to order. It is this byeion that has delivered profit return of 27.8% to 29.9m (2008 23.4m) and that go out continue to drive dominos business in age to come. chap ( Political, Economic, Social and Technological)i. POLITICAL ISSUESPolitical issues include regulatory phase work operating in judicial system which may suffer on the business in several(predicate) ways. There ar not many political circumstanceors in UK affecting dominoes business. Factors such as laws on business employment, pollution and taxation apply on the organization which it has to find regarding the rules.ii. ECONOMIC FACTORSIf the countys economy is meliorate so the GDP of the coun exploit pull up stak es be full, this is a green signal for the business as the per capita income of the people will be increased and they will spend more money. In dominos survey dominos came to know that most of the people in the beginning of the months spend more and they visit dominoes very often. When the inflation rate increases the cost of raw material alike increases and this leads towards luxuriously prices of the products and vice versa.iii. SOCIAL FACTORSDominos is a multinational and it is basically originated from America so the organization is overwhelmed by dominos western culture. There are fond forms of society which consist of Upper class, middle class, middle upper class, light class. Every country has cultural norms, values, beliefs and religion which discharge affect the organization.iv. technological FACTORSNow a days engine style is improving so as baking and heating ovens will be of impudent and efficient technology and will provide efficient religious service. Due t o new technology in that location are new ways of commercialiseing like internet telemarketing and the organization can advertise their products with much more faster pace. computing machine based customer data that is MIS (managing information system) helps in collecting customer data, daily transactions, future forecasting and decision fashioning. New vehicles will make their service more efficient.Briefly discuss the patience of sectorThe fodder attention is a complicated and one of the diverse business which keep in lines alongside and provide food to consumers just about the demesne. People who are not considered at bottom the scope of this industry are those farmers who grow on their land for themselves and break down on it.The food industry includesLaws which include entirely laws applicable which govern the food industry whether local, regional, national or international regulations.Education This includes academic, vocational and consultancyResearch and deve lopment It would be done with the help of food technologyFinancial services insurance, creditManufacturing this would include agrichemicals, seed, farm machinery and supplies, agricultural construction, etc.Agriculture raising of crops and livestock, seafoodFood processing preparation of fresh products for market, reconcile of prepared food products marketplaceing promotion of generic products (e.g. milk board), new products, public opinion, through advertising, packaging, public relations, etc.Wholesale and distribution warehousing, transportation, logistics tall direct technologies outline prevailing food production. In this many areas are included. Agricultural machinery, human labour has been almost practically eliminated by use of tractor in the field. Biotechnologies are bringing change, in such areas as agrochemicals, set out breeding and food processing. Many different areas of technology are similarly involved, to the point where it is hard to find an area that does not move over a direct impact on the food industry. Computer technology is also a central force, with computer networks and specialized software providing the support under bodily structure to al secondary global movement of the myriad components involved.Key success factorsThe vital success factors are related to dominos broad areas, customers preference for pizzaas a food item.Its ability to prepare a pizza within a short time, to deliver it within 30 legal proceeding of recording the order, and the store location.Since Dominos business model is based on home saving, the speed of preparing the pizza and delivering it are the critical success factors. world broad(a) strategies (Competitive analysis)SWOT AnalysisEvery organization has its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. So, theSWOT analysis for Dominos is as underStrengthsDominos is the market leader in providing different products of pizzas as there are no competitors in this sector. There right-hand(a) imag e makes the organization more strong. Dominos is providing good taste, quality products with certifiable staff, good atmosphere and hygienic environment. They are specialized in pizzas. penury level of staff is very high which make the organization more prosperous. They are ISO (International Standard Organization) certified. They consider enough resources for operating different activities of the organization. They are providing free home sales talk service. They fuddle created monopoly in this sector. Another full-size Strength and even a Competitive Advantageos the fact that they have a full service eating place as sound as tar services. Most of dominos competitors do not have restaurants. Because of the restaurant, Dominos can market too many different segments that other pizza custody cannot. For example, Dominos can market to families much easier than Dominos or petty-minded Caesars.Dominos weaknessesThe fact that Dominos does have a restaurant to get out is also a weakness. Dominos has higher(prenominal) operating expense costs, callable to the restaurant that other competitors dont have to deal with. Another result of higher overhead costs is higher prices Dominos must charge. Obviously, Dominos is not the low cost producer. They rely on their quality pizza and good service to account for their higher prices. They are providing less effigy of products comparatively with high prices. They are more focused on western taste alternatively of Eastern.Very few outlets have dine-in facilitiesThe transportation is limited and pricey, and there are very few budget items on the menu.OpportunitiesNew markets can be explored and new opportunities they can gain. Dominos can come up with the new products considering the Eastern taste of the people as like McDonalds. Diversification of new products can increase their market role. They can reduce their prices because of more Dominos.ThreatsDominos number one threats are from their competitors. Curren tly,Their closest competitor is pizza chanty who is working to open theirBranch rapidly. Dominos main competitive reinforcement over Pizza hut istheir lower price.Evaluate dominos company strategies with other different companiesDominos has succeeded in expanding over continents and observed undischarged achievements, but in parturiencys to develop globally it has not been able to know the domestic market with full efficiency and as a result, is losing curtilage in the domestic market. Dominos has raised the streamers of pizza industry to great heights, but in current economic situation, rising commodity prices and drop-off in peoples purchasing agency, it is struggling to balance between profitability and maintaining its standards. The increase tilt in the fast food industry adds to its array of challenges.A critical factor in Pizza shantys success has been a menu that has constantly evolved and expanded to cater to the changing needs and specific preferences of customer s in different parts of the world. In having understood the pulse of the customers, Pizza Hut has clearly established itself as a brand with a Britain flavor and Dominos need to learn that.BenchmarkingThe status of Dominos has been as a private company, After making bench marks with competitors, it has been observed that the level of sales for many years has been the same, which is a big achievement and is financial indicator that the presidency is towards growth and success in the retail business. It seems like good discussion for company.Speaking of bad news, the growth at which the competitors were going it was faster as compared to that of Dominos. It was actually giving up market share. At the same time, Dominos were celebrating internal celebrations of the fact that against our own internal matrix Dominos were doing well. Dominos did not only have to consider the past achievements and results in benchmarking but also it needed to take a look around at competitors, and on m any occasions, Dominos require to realize what their outcomes are and part to grip ourselves responsible for that particular level of functioning.Dominos accept variance since dominos can choose a lot of people around us who are just as mediocre as dominos are. I want to find the very, very best, and I want to benchmark against them, and I want to get as good or better. I think if I lead that expectation and I get my team up and my organization to embrace it, thats how dominos were going to become inaugural performers.TakeawaysUpon palmy establishment of a business, masses think that there is no room of improvement any more, but things change either towards betterment or worseness. The elegant companies become satisfied and pathetic in a minute when they go down. when To have a high-performance organization, you must foster a culture of continuous improvement.Dont accept mediocrity. Instead, look to your competitors, and benchmark yourself against them to achieve world-class p erformance.Organisation business planA businesss plan is the way of decisions and conducts made by the business to accomplish its goals. A business has a diversity of goals and objectives. In order to achieve business goals businesses should make sure that they gussy up their business in most efficient and effective manner in achieving those objectives different plans are made. In the same way, Dominos has laid down many objectives which will help achieve the targets. Internal and external changes in the environment have made Dominos to reconsider the past strategies. The PEST and SWOT analysis illustrate the changes in environment. After rethinking all the factors Dominos has taken decision upon establishment of business plan, called functional plansThese plans have been designed to make improvement in the operation efficiency of a business. All business organizations take on plans at practical level as once the practical objectives are accomplished business objectives turn out t o be easy. In order to make the practical strategy well organized, Dominos has made coordination among all its department.Porters Five Forces analysis of market structureThe competitiveness of any company can be evaluated using notable five Porters forces.Porters Five Forces make an effort to go the charm of any industry by facial expression five forces in the market.Porter suggests that the probability of commencement of net in a precondition industry will be depended on five factors.1. The probability of new entrants, for example more the restraints for entry of new entrants are places more the chances of relegate market capturing unanimous to make high profits.The chances of entering a market would be hard ifHeavy capital of the United States spending is required which would plant to big entry cost.Firms which are already equipped with past fetch and knowledge of marketing would be advantageous.Another new entry barrier could be a Government policy, which blocks entry o r makes it uneasy for example, hypocrisy of tax on imports which would make a barrier for foreign rigid to get entry in the local market.The current brands are more reliable and have a high level of trust on their nameThe reaction of established sures could be hard hitting towards new comers in pricingThe established entities could be in much more domination over supplies, for example, more proportion of the market is under influence of companies as De Beers.2. The power of buyers.The stronger the power of buyers in an industry the more potential it is that they will be able to force down prices and reduce the profits of degradeds that provide the product.Buyer authority will be more ifMarket does not have many big buyers, so established ones would be of particular importance to the firm.To gain the trust of buyer, it is very essential to bear in mind that provision of services should be of high standard at a reasonable price.As buyers could have strong negociate power and coul d actually take possession of the firm, this warning could lead to better provision of services.3. The power of suppliers.If suppliers are in a position in a particular market that their dominance is very strong that new entrants have fewer chances to make profits out of that sector because market is influences by those established suppliers which gives them power to decide how the business should operate in that sector.Suppliers will be more dominant ifThey are in small numbers (leaving fewer choices).To go from one supplier to another would not be easy or could be very costly.The bargaining power of supplier can give them enough control to take generate of existing firms.4. The extent of competitionThis estimates the degree of rivalry among those operating firm. higher(prenominal) competition would make lesser chances for operating firms to make higher earnings. competitor will be complex ifThere is greater proportion of match firms in terms of their masses and all going for a speculative competition to capture consumers in the same market.The ultimate result for industry leavers could be threatening, because their funds are invested. This means the established firms will not take it easy and will fight hard in order to keep their resources intact.In a situation where there is higher level of capacity utilisation thusly prevailing firms will put an effort to win the sales to increase their own demand.There will be a fight in a crunching market when volumes of sales will be getting lower.If there is not much reliability and so consumers are most likely to switch.5. Additional threat.This measures the extent to which buyer can change its taste and move on to other products of the same industry e.g. travel in public busses rather than private cars.By looking at Porters analysis, we see that firms are more likely to get higher rewards if the businessIs complex to pass inHas not much competitionHas to deal with small buyersHas to deal with small suppliersHa ve no other alternatives.Whereas, rewards are more likely to be lower ifEntrants can pass in easilyThere is high level of competition within the industryThe Buyers are powerfulThe Suppliers are powerfulThere are other options availableFor top management it is crucial that they understand and certify the consequences of Porters five factors before making a decision of industry to operate into. Ways to make favourable outcome should be sorted by trying to bring change in these five factorsFor example atomic number 53 solution could be the mergers between rivals, there are such examples in the past in automobiles industry, pharmaceuticals and banking industries when rivals merged together to remove competition.If distributors could be bought up by firms then more influence of buyers can be achieved.If firms can stand out themselves among their rivals by unequaled selling proposition then this could good achieve positive results for the firm, the example of such marketing practitione r would be Coca Colaif they respond energetically to a firm that enters its market this may deter potential entrants in the futureThese five forces tend to change accordingly conditions of the market. For instance, customers have gateway to wide range of information these days to compare their options and prices this makes consumer a powerful individual. The exposure of world markets (for example through the efforts of the WTO to increase the effect of safeguarding trade limits has led to much more competition in markets in past few years. In North America, It has been seen that in automobile industry leader Toyota is declining where as general Motors has risen in terms of sales recently just because consumers have now more options. At the same time, World Wide vane has even made easier for producers to enter in the markets because people have access to the internet all over the globe and online shopping trend is change magnitude day by day. The world of business is dynamic and e nvironment environ particular industry is unpredictable and will keep changing.International market approachDominos concept is focused on outstanding people on a task to become the greatest pizza delivery company on earth. The commitment is to bring joy, energy and value to customers by making a delivery of pizza on time. Because the aim of the company is not only to provide services on their outlets in fact reaching out to customers on single call and by way of quickest delivery be at their door step. node should have many options to choose from the menu. Variety of different combination would give an edge. Customer should have the feeling that he is getting the finest offer whereas company making sure that it is earning to its extra potentials. Menu cards show that different types of pizzas have different prices on them family size pizza can be one example of this. The extreme profit is made in meat items which is again with different combinations and verities is combined togethe r to make an individual pizza.As curtly as customer is on the table or an order has been made from outside, not only reasonable price is charged but also on some occasions discount coupons are provided to customers so that not only they can have their delicious food in a fine environment but also have some inducement to buy from Dominos. Hence, consumers are compelled to uphold trust towards Dominos.Endurance, shaping relationships and making use of change in conditionOver long period of time, Dominos has grown and brought a wide range of products to the table which gave Dominos an linear advantage over its competitors, which included internationally famous pizzas for instance, Italian pizza, pan pizza and stuffed crust. In the menu offers the option of a complete meal.Besides, Dominos are nowhere behind their competitor Pizza Hut in bringing in home tradition. Dominos have a firm belief in their slogan that Think global act local.How the firm should make an entry into the market Dominos Pizza could manage to screenland the market by providing Pizza with a quick home delivery system.Dominos not only captures walking customers but also makes advertising on various media to capture wider areas so that more market is covered. rise planPizza hut is defined generally as a family deal. The reason behind it is they dont approach their customers in a direct way. They focus entire proportion at the other hand their rivals focus a certain demographical area. However pizza hut aims at a wide range of population. By successfully doing this, they achieve their targets in a productive manner.They are faced by many rivals in the industry due to which they have to do almost everything to stay in the market because their competitors are on every high street. Pizza hut not only makes a commitment to provide best food but also considers the prize to which it should be delivered, making it as reasonable as possible.They try to give something extra in their commitment, i.e. in their food they give unique variety of stuff crust which brings customers to their doors every now and then. Their menus also have vegetarian pizzas with salad and past bar which is not offered by many restaurants. This is one of those ideas which could overstretch more customers.Likely development in next 10 to 20 yearsTop management level of Dominos is unable to hang on the key idea which could bring change growth and innovation. They couldnt get the whole process from which an organisation goes through which starts from birth and taken to a level of growth and maturity eventually reaching at a level of make up. This process is simply unavoidable.In the initial stage of growth, capital expenditures are made with very little or no return. Its only through crunching operational incompetence and ineffectiveness, obtaining and or inclining market share that companies regain their initial capital expendituresDominos stayed at position of S-Curve where upper limit return are being g ained without taking account of the fact that decline of profits are probable. Only time can tell whether they have team and leadership development which will finally decide whether they will incline or decline.Reasonable suggestions for enhancement and advancement in general scenario.Bring new things in the way Pizzas are made.Concentrate on areas where the outlets are situated.Take the quality of pizza the upper level.Maintain good environment in outlets.Should concentrate more on marketing itself confidently. inductionDominos Pizza regularly innovates the way its product goes with the likings of its customers and in feedback getting customers satisfaction. The slogan of this company which illustrates its aim is that Think Global and act local. Hence, every now and again Dominos Pizza has been suiting its products with delicious equate for consumers. Moreover, giving quality food at reasonable price has been one of the earliest mottos. Steps have been taken such as pleasure Mea l and Pizza Mania to popularize it more among consumers.

Breast Cancer And Breast Self Examination

heart Cancer And dummy ego Examination teat crabmeat is a major killer sickness of women both glob b arlyy and regionally. It is the intimately common land crab louse among women, and the second get along of deaths among women worldwide (World Health Organization WHO, 2010). The incidence of bureau genus Cancer in women remains graduate(prenominal)school. It is estimated that 1,000,000 women develops dummy lavcer distributively year and Approximately 519,000 women deaths be connect to titty crabby person (WHO, 2010 McPherson, poise, Dixon, 2000). correspond to Manning-Walsh (2004) thorax crabmeat incidence has pro departd and it is alarming for women affecting all ages. As a go, interpersonal relationships such as marital or sexual relationship atomic number 18 negatively affected. Stephen (2009) described white meat pubic louse as a cancerous (cancerous) growth that begins in the tissues of the thorax, cancer is a dis go in which aberrant cells grow in an uncontrolled appearance (p.1). nonwithstanding at that place is no cognise cause for knocker cancer but in that location argon risk factors that be closely link to development and progression of booby cancer. Breast cancer is assort into four plays. According to The American articulatio Committee on Cancer (AJCC) revise the four symbolises atomic number 18 establish on tumour size of it, the degree of lymph client involvement, the presence of inflammatory signs, and picture of metastasis (Singletary at el. 2002). Stage (I) depreciator cancer involves primarily small tumors (less than or equal to 2 cm) with no known lymph node involvement and no metastases to otherwise(a) organs, in Egypt few women present at this stage. stage (II) breast cancers are characterized by either slightly larger basal tumor than stage (I) (between 2 and 5 cm) or if at that place is lymph node involvement. stage (III) consists of large tumors (greater than 5 cm) with signs of inflammatory breast cancer, also if ipsilateral nodes are involved where the tumor has ca utilise the node to be fixed to another node or to other personify structures it is goalated stage (III), high percent of women present in this stage which treatment option are hold in. Stage 4 doer some(prenominal) metastatic breast cancer no matter what size the tumor or if there is nodal involvement or not. If it is metastatic, it is stage (IV), in general stage (IV) is not considered curable (Singletary at el. 2002). The occurrence of breast cancer prepares psychosocial stress for both the patient and her family, due to threat to the patients b claim and butter and other consequences of breast cancer such as metastasis to other body organs and parts. In adjunct stu glide bys obligate shown that center field aged women (40-60) are most likely to develop breast cancer, and most patients with breast cancer present for the first time at stages two and three (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006). Breast cancer has high incidence among women during productive period and has effect on financial as breast cancer treatment is very costly.Breast cancer account for 37% of all types of cancer globally, more thanover incidence of breast cancer varies from nonpareil and however(a) country to another (WHO, 2010). In fall in State of America (USA) intimately 20 women allow for develop breast cancer each hour, moreover and around 5 women go out die with breast cancer each hour (Lancaster, 2005). Studies have established that the tell of breast cancer is highest in USA and Canada, one base away of cabaret women are pass judgment to develop breast cancer and it is most common among women age 47-73 age old, leading to epidemic proportions in USA and Canada (McPherson, Steel Dixon, 2000 George, 2000 Naeem at el., 2008). 182,460 cases developed breast cancer in USA in 2008 (Jemal at el., 2008). landal OverviewBreast cancer incidence in develop country is high almost as high as in developed countries. One out of nine Pakistani women are expected to developed breast cancer (50 per 100,000), which is high compared to Indian women (19 per 100,000) (Kumar, Imam, Manzoor, Masood, 2009). In Iran, one of the Arabic Country, in 2005 prevalence of breast cancer among women was (22 per 100,000) (Tavafian, Hasani, Aghamolaei, Zareand, Gregory, 2009). Breast cancer is a major wellness alarms for many a(prenominal) countries in the Mediterranean Region such as Bahrain represents 38.4% of all female cancers and in Jordan its represents 28% of all female cancers (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006 Center for Arab Genomic Studies, 2003).Likewise, breast cancer is the most common cancer among Egyptian women. According to the Egypt National Cancer Institute (NCI) in Egypt, breast cancer represents 18.9% of all cancers cases (35.1% in women and 2.2 % in men) (Omar, et al. 2003). Incidence of breast cancer is not different comparing with other countries which represented (24 per 100, 000) and mortality sum up related to breast cancer is 9.3% of all cancers (Seif, Aziz, 2000). According to Khatib and Modjtabai (2006) Egyptian women downstairs the age of 50 are more likely to develop breast cancer, where women aged 50 years and older are the most ordinarily affected group. In Egypt breast cancer is usually detected at late stages (around 60% of cases detected in third stage of breast cancer), when treatment options are limited therefore breast cancer is high fetal (Bender et al. 2005 Ibrahim at el., 2010).In Aswan, breast cancer is most prevalent cancer among both males and females (Ibrahim at el. 2010). unless it is presents 63.9% of all cancer cases among Aswan females, and most women aged (40-59) are the most commonly affected group. According to Ibrahim at el. (2010) later on the age of 20 years, breast cancer became the most stalk cancer with a peak in the age group 40-59 years (p.72). In extension most cases are diagnosed in late stages only 3. 1% cases are diagnosed in first stage, on the other commit around 96.2% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed in second and third stage when treatment options are limited making breast cancer is high fetal. As a result it is important to hear Aswan females visualise or so breast egotism enquiry and other(a) maculation of breast cancer. Moreover the high incidence and mortality outranks of breast cancer, as hale as the high cost of treatment and limited resources available, require that it should exsert to be a focus of attention for health negociate stick outrs. The benefits of battle breast cancer, including the positive impact that early detection and screening can have, conduct to be conservatively reference booked.Early detectionThe early detection of breast cancer is the most important and beneficial area of protection techniques. Diagnosis of breast cancer during the early stages of disease has been positively linked to a pass in the mortality and morbidness of the illness (Budden, 1998 hoary 1990 Mele, Archer, Pusch, 2005). Early detection of breast cancer is very important to decline the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer outcome mammography and breast self trial have been employ as strategies for this solve (Budden, 1998 blue-eyed(a) 1990 Mele, Archer, Pusch, 2005). Moreover there are a number of approaches to the screening of breast cancer such as Breast self-examination ( mad cow disease), clinical breast examination and mammography (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006). (I) mad cow disease is effective, cheap and less painful however, it is pendent on intimacy, spot towards bovine spongi image encephalitis use among women. (II) Clinical breast examination is one of the primary modes of screening for breast cancer. Its effectiveness is dependent upon the skills of the health care caterrs and the facilities available. (III) Mammography is known to reduce breast cancer mortality among women, but its benefits are dependent up on several factors such as the equipment used, the skills of the technician and it is expensive as well (Khatib, Modjtabai, 2006 Budden, 1998 Gray 1990 Mele, Archer, Pusch, 2005).Breast Self examination mad cow disease should be preformed both month starting at age 20 (ACS, 2009). The purpose of bovine spongiform encephalitis is for a woman to learn the natural features of her breast, know how her breasts normally feel, thus easier for her to hear and report any new changes to the physician. (Gray, 1990 Highton, 2002). in that location is strong evidence that BSE can reduce mortality from breast cancer, around 90% of breast cancer are detected by BSE. (Smith, 2002 Wilson Ayers, 2007). However the studies showed that BSE drill is very low. Therefore women should be aware of BSE tool. Consequently there seems to be general agreement on the enormousness to empower women with BSE knowledge and skill to promote BSE place. Several studies have shown that there is a gap in knowledg e active BSE and lend oneself among women. (Al Qattan, Alsaleh, Al Musallam, Masoud, 2008 Alkhasawneh, Akhu-Zaheya, Suleiman, 2009 Wilson Ayers, 2007).George (2000) the barrier to breast cancer screening could be classified to personal, caregiver or demographic barriers, personal barriers included lieu and inadequacy of breeding. At caregiver level, the assumption is lack of knowledge, skills, view, and consistency. For demographic it could be related to age, education level or culture. A fear of detecting any lump is also considered one of breast cancer screening barrier. The WHO (2010) suggested that to decrease the incidence of breast cancer in developing countries, breast cancer screening programs should be emphasized. The way this phenomenon is perceived by women influenced by many factors such as womens socio cultural beliefs, values, geographical environment, personal knowledge and so on. Women face many challenges in unpolished areas which may affect their tint of life. To enhance the quality of life of tenderness age women in verdant areas, it is important to have in depth pinch closely their BSE cognition.Breast self examination practice acquaintance and practice rate of BSE is varies from one country to another. According to Coleman (1991) around 96% of the American women had heard around BSE, however only 19-40% of them practice BSE every month. In the other hand 37% of the Kuwaiti women are practice BSE (Al Qattan, Al Saleh, Al Musallam Masoud, 2008). In literature review only two studies were founded that were conducted in Egypt about BSE one was on evaluation of effect of breast self examination training program on knowledge, attitude and practice (Seif Aziz, 2000 p. 105), among 122 worker women in Ain Shams University- Lower Egypt. The result showed that around 25% of the role players have knowledge about breast cancer and BSE, however only 10.6% and 11.5% of the total sample practiced BSE. In admission the participant ass erted that caregiver teams have an important role to provide the knowledge, skills and practice about BSE (Seif Aziz). The second try out is Breast self-examination practice and its impact on breast cancer diagnosing in Alexandria, Egypt (Abdel-Fattah, Zaki, Bassili, El-Shazly, Tognoni, 2000, p.34). The result showed that 10. 4% of breast cancer patient practiced BSE after being diagnosed with breast cancer as playing area was centre on breast cancer patients, to monitor for spread of the cancer to the superior(predicate) breast (Abdel-Fattah, Zaki, Bassili, El-Shazly, Tognoni, 2000).The gap in the two finding, (I) they focused only on percentage of knowledge and practice of BSE. (II) Both studies recommended follow up for studies to measure BSE knowledge and positive attitude and level of practice among women. (III) There is BSE negative attitude among women (72.1%) without explain the reasons. (IV) Both studies show the importance of attitude and perception of women relate d to BSE practice. Limitations of the two studies as one published in 2000 and the other one in 2003 and both are quantitative re ascertainup. Usually people life style knowledge, attitude and sort changes can be implicationfully captured through soft studies. In addition this entropy could be too old and no longer valid. close of the studies on this subject were quantitative, and were designed to describe the demographic variables associated with BSE practice, increase the compliance or technique of women, or evaluate it as a screening technique. However there were recommendations for further studies to look for women beliefs and attitude about BSE.The purposeThe purpose of this guinea pig is to under(a)stand the perception of BSE among nerve center age women, and explore barriers to practice of BSE among Egyptian women. Furthermore, it allow foring facilitate separate knowledge, skills and practice gaps and recommend strategies to address the gap in BSE. seek Questio nWhat is the perception related to knowledge, attitude and practices of middle age women regarding breast self examination in artless areas of Aswan, Egypt?Re await objectiveTo explore the perception of middle age women related to breast self examination (BSE).To understand Egyptian womens experience about BSE.To assess BSE knowledge and its sources among middle age women.To assess if nurses teach women in community about BSE.To evaluate whether women practice BSE in rural areas.Significance of Proposed mull to NursingIncidence of breast cancer has increased and it seems that it leave behind lapse to rise, as predicted by scientists, physicians and previous studies. To decrease breast cancer morbidity and mortality rate, early detection is important. BSE is an important tool and should be practice to help in early diagnosis breast cancer. This survey impart enable interrogationer to understand perception of BSE among middle age women. Nurses who are working in the hospital or other health institute should be aware of breast cancers knowledge, altitude and practice among women. Hence, help them in early detection and intervention. In addition the findings of this instruction leave alone enhance awareness among health professionals about BSE perception related to knowledge, practice and attitude among women. It also forget provide need to curriculum intervention program about aware of breast cancers early detection knowledge, altitude and practice. As patient education is an integral segment of nursing role. (Saarmann, Daugherty Riegel, 2002). So those who are working in different areas in different status, nurses, health workers, lady health visitor and nurse practician should be able to provide health education according to their socio-cultural and specify sessions on sharing the women experience, perception of BSE and guide in understanding early detection techniques. Moreover can expand the research and may help other in further research if the y want to search more information on BSE in relation to particular(prenominal) aspects such as cultural and religion.CHAPTER THREEMethodologyStudy foundingQualitative descriptive-exploratory design volitioning be used for this study. This design is selected science, weensy is known about BSE experience among women, as the majority of studies carried out on womens knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to BSE have been quantitative (Kearney, 2006). Which are chiefly designed to describe the demographic variables associated with its practice, increase the compliance or proficiency of women, or evaluate it as a screening technique. According to Polit and Beck (2008) qualitative approach is conducting the study within naturalistic pattern. A qualitative order deals with experiences of human being in real life by exploring it directly. It helps to understand the phenomenon in- deeply, by giving well-fixed and most appropriate information. In addition according to Po pe and Mays (1995) suggested that qualitative research helps to understand complex behaviors and attitude. The purpose of exploratory study is to examine a specific concept about which little is known (Burns and Grove, 2007). It emphasizes on identification of factors related to a phenomenon of interest. As this study aims to explore perception related to BES Knowledge, attitude and practice of middle age women in Egypt, therefore, a qualitative exploratory descriptive design is best suited to this study.The purposeThe purpose of this study is to understand the perceptionrelated to knowledage , attitude and practice of BSE among middle age women, and explore barriers to practice BSE among Egyptian women. Furthermore, it result help identify knowledge, skills and practice gaps and recommend strategies to address the gap in BSE.Research QuestionWhat is the perception related to knowledge, attitude and practices of middle age women regarding Breast self examination in rural areas of A swan, Egypt?Study Setting and PopulationHealth care clinics in rural areas in Aswan- Egypt testament be selected as setting for recruiting participant. The study macrocosm would be middle aged (40-60 years) women, coming to the health care clinics. The organise population exit be all the middle age women who bequeath meet the following inclusion criteria (I) aged women between 40-60 years. (II) the women who have not been diagnosed with breast cancer. (III) They are living in rural area. (IV) They can talk Arabic or English. (V) They are allowing to go into in the study and use audiotape. Women allow for be excluded if they have any mental illness, as this may affect their judgment, or are not willing to participate in the study.Study Sample and SizeThe sampling method would be used is purposive sample. This type of sampling is often use by qualitative tec because the aim is to contact participants who can give in-depth, rich information about the study phenomenon (Polit B eck, 2008). The study samples comprise of 8-12 women who are in middle age or to the point at which information fertilisation is actiond.Participants RecruitmentHealth care clinics director, physicians and nurses will be met and discuss about the study and request them to identify potential participants. The women who will come to the health care clinic and who meet the inclusion criteria for the study, nurses will give them invitation and try for letter. The women who will be willing to participate will be asked for informed indite and oral consent. Then discuss and agree on the date, time and locale of one to one question according to the womans convenience. The audience will be held in noise unbosom setting either at health care clinic or at participants house/ convenient place. data assemblagePolit and Beck (2008) Polit study help to assess adequacy of the study and quality of instruments (p. 214). earlier to collecting the data, the pilot testing of interview guide w ould be do on 1-2 middle age women who would be coming to the health care clinic of Aswan, Egypt, after taking the participants consent. The objectives of Polit study to evaluate the understanding of the outfit structure questions, to assess the comfort level of the women, to identify the amount of time compulsory by the participants and to determine the time of the day that suits best for the interview to be conducted. The data store from pilot testing will be used as part of the data accumulation.Data will be collected from April 2011 to June 2011 in Aswan, Egypt. For this study, the data will be collected using semi structured questions to guide an in-depth interview. The time for interview is approximately 50-70 minutes. Individual interview will help to explore undivided perception in feature and while asserting confidentially. It is assumed that the participants may feel more comfortable and free while expressing and sharing their experiences in privacy. Audiotape will be used to write down the interview. Notes will be taken for ceremonial occasion make onthings might be applicable to the study, such as participants non vocal communication (facial expressions, posture and other body language). At the end of the session the data will be verified/ cross checked with participants for clarity consistency. After audio magnetic tape the interview, the data would be transcribed and will be checked for matching. discourse ProcessThe written consent will be taken from the participants earlier to the interview. Interview will be conducted in Arabic as it is participants ease so the data will be understood well and warp would be reduced in this way. Probes would be used to explore more information and will provide direction to the participant. Field notes will be taken observation would be noted such as non verbal communication of the patient. Does the non verbal and verbal communication matches or not and observation related to the environment that provides and clue related to the data or experience. The data analysis will be proceeded by guidelines (unrau coleman, 1997) (a) the transcribed interview of the participants will be coded for analyzing data, (b) identifying emerging themes in the data, (c) labeling the themes with monumental code words, (d) codes will be clustered and labeled using broader themes and sub themes throughout analytic forge, (e) the thematic strands will be weaved together into an integrated picture of phenomena under investigation. Data analysis will be carried out manually. The research worker will read the data over and over in search of meaning and deeper understanding, carefully reading the interviews to obtain a general sense of the experience.Data abbreviation PlanData analysis in qualitative research is real begins when data collection begins (Polit Beck, 2008) therefore, the tec will start analyzing the data after taking the first interview. The qualitative data analysis involves four c ognitive processes comprehension- identifying the themes synthesis- merging of the themes to make a composite pattern theorizing- connecting the findings with the larger body of knowledge re-con textbookual matterualization- applying the findings to other setting or the context in which the findings fit (Morse, 1994). Therefore, these processes will be utilize to the data analysis of this study. (a) for analyzing data, the transcribed interview will be coded (b) identifying emerging themes in the data, (c) labeling the themes with probative code words, (d) codes will be clustered and labeled using broader themes and sub themes throughout analytic process, (e) the thematic strands will be weaved together into an integrated picture of phenomena under investigation.Data analysis will be carried out manually. The detective will read the data over and over in search of meaning and deeper understanding, carefully reading the interviews to obtain a general sense of the experience. Acco rding to Morse and Field (2005), tack togethering the responses according to the question is a significant procedure for semi structured interviews. Therefore, the researcher will read the transcripts and gather the responses to each question in a separate file. The gathered responses to each question will be organized in a text that will have three mainstays. The centre column will keep back the participants responses, the left column will show the coding and the right column will include my comments and thoughts concerning the text. The qualitative content analysis will be used as analytic method, while for content analysis the form which is referred by Morse and Field (1995) will be utilized. The form dual-lane into manifest and potential content analysis. In manifest analysis, the researcher search for specific words, phrases or ideas used in the content of interview. In possible analysis, the researcher search for the underlying meaning of the message showed in the text. The latent content analysis has greater validity than manifest analysis as it permits for the coding of the meaning and not just the words of the participants (Morse Field, 1995). Therefore, the researcher will use both analysis methods. For coding, the researcher will reread the text and underline words or phrases and will copy them into the left hand column of the document. At the same time, the researcher also aggregate codes into relevant categories in a separate document. Pseudonyms and identification number to each individual text will be given.The pseudonyms will help to imagine the responsive and to make sense of it, whereas, identification number will facilitate to identify patterns during coding and categorization exercises. The codes with each category will be identify from its origin through identification number. The short form of category will also be assign to a code as well. each category will be compared and contrast that may help to create sub categories. After s orting the major categories into smaller ones, the researcher will look for atypical and representative cases that will help to explain the significant experience found in the research. The researcher will also look for the relationships among categories to find common themes. The researcher will also refer to the notes that have non verbal expressions of the participants and her own feelings in the analysis process. The researcher will be involving the committee members and supervisor throughout the analysis process.Ethical ConsiderationsThe proposal will be sent to the Universitys Ethical review committee (ERC) which will give a written permission for the study. Informed consent and Permission will be obtained from Aswan Directors of Health. The principle of autonomy will be followed which means that Participants will be approached to consent for voluntary participation. Complete information about the study will be provided to the participants. The participant will be informed abo ut the study purpose, risks and benefits of participating. Participants will be approached to consent for voluntary participation and will have freedom to choose or to terminate their participation at any time during the study. No potential physical or mental harm is expected. Those willing to participate will sign a consent form and a copy of the consent form will be provided to the participants. Confidentiality refers to the researchers assurance to the participants that the shared information will not be publicise (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2002). Thus, confidentiality in this study will be maintained by not sharing the participants data with any other participant and will be observed throughout the study. Anonymity and confidentially is the key principle to maintain privacy (Burkhardt Nathaniel, 2002). The participants identity will not be revealed in the study. Codes will be used instead of the name. The researcher will assure the participants of their confidentiality. The data will not be utilized for any other purpose, there being aneed for secondary analysis of the data permission will be obtained from relevant bodies. This study will help middle age women to babble their perceptions, feelings and experience about BSE. Women might get emotionally upset in the process of sharing their experience. In these instances break would be provided during the interview. The researcher will answer all the participants queries in order to provide complete information regarding the study to easy tension and promte comfort.RigorTrustworthiness is the term used in the qualitative research to show rigor (Poilt and Beck, 2008). In this study the rigor will be maintained throughout by utilizing capital of Nebraska and Guba (1985) guidelines. capital of Nebraska and Guba identified four criteria for maintaining trustworthiness of a qualitative research (i) credibility, or (Truth value), (ii) dependability, reliability or Auditability, (iii) confirmability or Neutrality, a nd (iv) Transferability, Fittingness. The research will be described clearly the procedures will be used to ensure that the data will be recorded accurately. The researcher will ensure that findings and the themes will be logical and reflective of the data. Credibility, dependability, conformability, and transferability will be maintained.CredibilityLincoln and Guba (1985) credibility presented such faithful descriptions or interpretations of a human experience that the people having that experience would immediately manage it . . . (p. 30). Also when others can recognize the experience by reading about it. To confirm the credibility of the findings, the researcher will share the outcomes with women, who recognized the findings and conformed that they were true to their experiences and perception, this establishes the credibility. One technique to break credibility is to give out sufficient time for data collection activities to gain an in-depth understanding of the individuals ex perience.Dependability/ Auditabilityit could be maintained when another researcher can clearly follow the decision trail used by the investigator. In addition, another researcher could arrive at the same or comparable but not contradictory conclusions given the researchers data, perspective, and situation.To provide dependability, the researcher applied and recorded the audit trial. Lincoln and Guba (1985), state, Conformability is termed as a process to provide the study records in order to maintain the objectivity and to put forward the quality and adequacy of the results and interpretation. (Lincoln Guba, 1985).In this study the audit trail and research plan will be shared with the thesis supervisor and to the committee members so that they would verify its dependability. Dependability relies on three factors and should be ensured by the researcher the sample size, the analysis approach, and the dissemination of the research result. The sample size will be sufficient for the re search design as the researcher will achieved saturation, and the researcher plans to disseminate the study findings through publication of articles and presentations at the issue and international level.Conformabilitywhen auditability, fittingness, and credibility have been established by an audit trail, conformability could be achieved. Audit trail consist of raw data, memos, communications, records of gestures, etc. the researcher applied an audit trail to meet these conditions by constructing and maintaining a record of rude data, data reduction and reconstruction, synthesis products and consequent analysis (Lincoln Guba, 1985).TransferabilityIt will be achieved when study findings fit into contexts outside the study situation and when the audience views the findings as meaningful and transferable to the rest of the potential users. Lincoln and Guba (1985) termed transferability as the way of presenting adequate data such that external conclusions may be made about the findin gs. These in-depth interviews, with rich descriptions about menopause experience allow the readers to steady down about its transferability. Through rich and extensive description, the researcher will provide with in-depth information about the contexts, the data, and the participants.LimitationsLimitations of the study includes (I) the data collection plan is limited to three months only as it is a part of masters syllabus that may affect the quality of the study. (II) The researchers own experiences and opinion there is a chance of biasness. (III) The transferability of the study findings will be limited to Aswans population as each community has specific culture. (IV) Because of the culture and the topic some of the participant will not share full information about their experience.decision Dissemination PlanResults will be presented to nurses and nurse leaders of Aswan Directors of Health. The researcher will give recommendations and will work with Aswan nurse and their leader s to achieve the recommendations. The study will be presented at national scientific conferences and seminars, as well as published in local and international journal.ReferencesAbdel-Fattah, M., Zaki, A., Bassili, A., El-Shazly, M., Tognoni, G. (2000). Breast self- examination practice and its impact on breast cancer diagnosis in Alexandria, Egypt. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 6(1), 34-40.Al Qattan, M. M., Al Saleh, K. A., AlMusallam, S. S., Masoud, G. M. (2008). Knowledge and factors affecting breast self examination among Kuwaiti women. Kuwait medical checkup Journal, 40 (2), 103-110.Alkhasawneh, I. M., Akhu-Zaheya, L. M

Natural gas as source of energy

lifelike waste as start of energyACKNOWLEDGEMENTI Munish kumar of B.Tech MBA (IT) indirect request to express my intense feeling and experienced that I had sequence do this term paper.I am really thankful to our Chemistry Mam Mrs. Sonika who not nevertheless(prenominal) give us this term paper to do further also widen our view in respective topic.Last plainly not the least, I would like to thanks my friends who not only abet me but also helped in completing this term paper. Introduction to intrinsic assail as a cite of energyIt is a categorization of hydro carbon copys (molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen and shooteres (most notably methane, ethane, propane, and butane) that exist by nature in rocks downstairs the surface of the earth. it is widely utilize as a shake uping rootage, and in some cases specific portions of the indwelling atom smasher sh aric number 18 apply as starting materials in industrial processes. inwrought fuck up is the p roduct of the decomposition reactioning of living matter over millions of years. specific conditions (including low atomic number 8 levels) be necessary for this to occur. the hydrogen attackes be trapped in geological beations known as anticlines. each of the major hydrocarbon comp peerlessnts of indispensable muff pedal is employ as a send away source.before instinctive ball up fanny be used as a rouse, it must undergo extensive process to remove almost all materials other than methane. the by-products of that processing involve ethane, propane, butanes, pentanes and mellow molecular weight hydrocarbons, elemental sulfur, and sometimes helium and nitrogen.natural bluster is a versatile source of energy, which can be used by variant actors. heating and voltaicity gene balancen work been the main traditional uses. translation/technical characteristics indwelling turgidity is colourless, odourless, tasteless, shapeless and lighter than air. it is triggermane ous at any temperature over -161 c. when it is at its natural state, it is not possible to moot or smell natural fluff. for safety reasons, a chemical odorant that smells a little like rotten eggs, mercaptan, is added to natural suck so that it can be smelled if there is a gas leak. natural gas is a mixture of light hydrocarbons including methane, ethane, propane, butanes and pentanes. Other compounds found in natural gas include co2, helium, hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen. the composition of natural gas is neer constant, however, the primary comp championnt of natural gas is methane (typically, at least 90%), which has a simple hydrocarbon structure composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms (ch4). methane is highly flammable, burns easily and almost completely, plot of ground it emits precise little air contamination. natural gas is neither acerb nor poisonous, its ignition temperature is high, and it has a narrow flammability range, making it an inherently safe fogey discharge compared to other burn sources. in addition, because of its specific gravity of 0.60, lower than that of air (1.00), natural gas rises if escaping, thus dissipating from the site of any leak.The carbon and hydrogen in natural gas are thought to go through with(predicate) originated from the cadaver of plants and animals that were accumulated at the bottom of lakes and oceans over millions of years. After having been conceal under huge layers of other sediments, the organic material is transformed into petroleum rock oil and natural gas as a result of the high pressure from the layers of sediments and the heat from the earths core. The oil and gas are then squeezed appear of the marine shales in which they were deposited, and from there go into porous sedimentary rocks. oil and gas migrates upward through the porous rock, as it is less obtuse than the body of water, which fills the pores. Several different types of oil and gas traps exist.Occurance of natur al gas essential gas is found throughout the initiation in reservoirs deep beneath the surface of the earth and floor of the oceans. It forms as pockets of gas over common oil deposits or is trapped in porous rock formations. inhering gas can be found in oil deposits, as associated natural gas, although non-associated natural gas is often found without the presence of oil.When natural gas is cooled to a temperature of approximately -260f at atmospheric pressure, it condenses to a fluidness called turn natural gas (lng). One volume of this liquid takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas. lng weighs less than fractional that of water, actually about 45% as much. lng is odourless, colourless, non-corrosive, and non-toxic. When vaporized it burns only in concentrations of 5% to 15% when mixed with air. Neither lng, nor its vapour, can puff up in an unconfined environment. Since lng takes less volume and weight, natural gas is liquid for ease of storing and transporting.N atural gas is considered as a clean fuel because of its environmentally friendly properties commercialised natural gas is practically process free and thus it produces virtually no sulphur dioxide (so2), natural gas emits lower levels of nitrogen oxides (nox) emissions than oil or coal and emissions of carbon dioxide (co2) are less than those of other fossil fuels (according to eurogas 40-50% less than coal and 25-30% less than oil).1Natural gas chemical composition.The primary component of natural gas is methane (ch4), the shortest and lightest hydrocarbon molecule. it may also contain heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane (c2h6), propane (c3h8) and butane (c4h10), as well as other sulphur containing gases, in varying amounts, represent also natural gas condensateNatural gas is used to produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity and as an essential raw material for more common products. Some products that use natural gas as a raw material are paints, fertil izer, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, and explosives.Slightly more than half of the places in the United States use natural gas as their main heating fuel. Natural gas is also used in homes to fuel stoves, water heaters, clothes dryers, and other household appliances.The major consumers of natural gas in the United States in 2008 includedElectric personnel domain 6.7 trillion cubic feet (Tcf)Industrial sector 7.9 Tcfresidential sector 4.9 Tcf technical sector 3.1 TcfStorage of natural gasin smaller fuel locations and on fomites, natural gas is stored in thick-walled steel, aluminum, or composite tanks make to last more than 20 years.Fossil fuelA fuel that is derived from the decay of plant or animal life coal, oil, and natural gas are the fossile fuel. fossil fuels are non re spick-and-spanable energy.because they take millions of years to form and reserves are being depleted much faster than new ones are being formed. concern about fossil fuel sup plies is one of the causes of regional and global conflicts. the production and use of fossil fuels raise environmental concerns. a global movement toward the generation of renewable energy is then under way to help meet increased energy needs. 3 molten natural gas uses as source of energyThe ability to liquify the components of natural gas (either as a mixture or in isolation) has do natural gas much more practical as a energy source.. the liquefaction of natural gass components of the different boiling points of methane, ethane, and other gases as a way of purifying each substance. a combination of infrigidation and increased pressure allows the individual gases to be stored and transported conveniently. at one time, the natural gas which often accompanied petroleum.in the ground was simply burned kill as a means of getting rid of it. recently, however, this gas has been collected, liquefied and used along with the petroleum.4Residential uses as source of energyResidential ap plications are the most commonly known use of natural gas. it can be used for cooking, washing and drying, water warming, heating and air conditioning. domestic appliances are increasingly improved in order to use natural gas more economically and safely. operating costs of natural gas equipment are generally lower than those of other energy sources.Commercial uses as source of energyMain commercial uses of natural gas are food service providers, hotels, healthcare facilities or office buildings. commercial applications include cooling (space conditioning and refrigeration), cooking or heating.Compressed natural gas as a source of energyCompressed natural gas (cng) is a fossil fuel substitute for flatulence (petrol), diesel engine, or propane fuel. cng is made by compressing natural gas (which is principally composed of methane ch4), to less than 1% of its volume at standard atmospheric pressure. it is stored and distributed in potent containers, at a normal pressure of 200-220 bar (2900-3200 psi), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes.CNG is used in traditional flatulency internal combustion engine cars that have been reborn into bi-fuel vehicles.Uses as source of energy for transportationNatural gas vehicles (ngvs)NGVS are natural gas powered vehicles. natural gas can be used as a motor vehicle fuel in two ways as compressed natural gas (CNG), which is the most common form, and as liquefied natural gas. natural gas vehicles fleet accounts for about one and a half million vehicles orbitwide (according to the international natural gas vehicles association). concerns about air quality in most parts of the world are increasing the interest in using natural gas as a fuel for vehicles. cars using natural gas are estimated to emit 20% less greenhouse gases than gasoline or diesel cars. these vehicles are not a new technology since they have been used since the 1930s. in many countries ngvs are introduced to replace buses, taxis and other public vehic le fleets. natural gas in vehicles is inexpensive and convenient.Rating in world in transportation fuelCompressed natural gas (methane) is a cleaner alternative to other automobile fuels such as gasoline (petrol) and diesel. as of 2008 there were 9,6 million natural gas vehicles worldwide, led by pakistan (2.0 million), argentina (1.7 million), brazil (1.6 million), iran (1.0 million), and india (650 thousand).1213 the energy efficiency is generally equal to that of gasoline engines, but lower compared with modern diesel engines. gasoline/petrol vehicles converted to run on natural gas suffer because of the low conglutination ratio of their engines, resulting in a cropping of delivered power while running on natural gas (10%-15%). cng-specific engines, however, use a higher compression ratio due to this fuels higher octane number of 120-130.HydratesHydrateshuge quantities of natural gas (primarily methane) exist in the form of hydrates under sediment on offshore continental shelves and on land in arctic regions that experience permafrost such as those in siberia (hydrates require a combination of high pressure and low temperature to form). however, as of 2009update no technology has been developed to produce natural gas economically from hydrates.Domestic use as a source of energyNatural gas is supplied to homes, where it is used for such purposes as cooking in natural gas-powered ranges and/or ovens, natural gas-heated clothes dryers, heating/cooling and central heating. home or other building heating may include boilers, furnaces, and water heaters. cng is used in clownish homes without connections to piped-in public public utility services, or with movable grills. however, due to cng being less economical than lpg, lpg (propane) is the dominant source of rural gas5.Biogas part of natural gasWhen methane-rich gases are produced by the anaerobiotic decay of non-fossil organic matter (biomass), these are referred to as biogas (or natural biogas). sources of biogas include swamps, marshes, and landfills (see landfill gas), as well as sewage sludge and manure4 by way of anaerobic digesters, in addition to enteric fermentation particularly in cattle. townsfolk gasTown gas is a mixture of methane and other gases, mainly the highly toxic carbon monoxide, that can be used in a similar way to natural gas and can be produced by actioning coal chemically. this is a historic technology, still used as best solution in some local circumstances, although coal gasification is not usually economic at current gas prices. however, depending upon infrastructure considerations, it remains a future possibilityPOWER GENRATIONPower generation electric utilities and independent power producers are increasingly using natural gas to provide energy for their power plants. in general, gas fuelled power plants have lower capital costs, are built faster, work more expeditiously and emit less pollution than other fossil fuel power plants. technological improvem ents in design, efficiency and operation of combined cycle gas turbines and co-generation processes are favouring the use of natural gas in power generation. a combined-cycle power plant uses waste heat to produce more electricity, while natural gas co-generation, also called combined heat and power, produces power and heat that is useful for industry as well as commercial users. this cogeneration reduces pollution emission considerably.Fuel cellsA fuel cell is an electrochemical twisting that combines hydrogen fuel and oxygen from the air to produce electricity, heat and water. fuel cells operate without combustion, so they are virtually pollution free. since the fuel is converted directly to electricity, a fuel cell can operate at much higher efficiencies than internal combustion engines, extracting more electricity from the equivalent amount of fuel. the fuel cell itself has no moving parts, making it a quiet and reliable source of power. natural gas is one of the threefold fu els on which fuel cells can operate.In industries as a source of energynatural gas is used as an input to shape pulp and paper, metals, chemicals, stone, clay, glass, and to process certain foods. gas is also used to treat waste materials, for incineration, drying, dehumidification, heating and cooling, and cogeneration.Advantages of natural gaseNatural gas is more environmentally friendly that coal or oil. it is composed of methane, which has just one carbon, producing very low carbon emissions. natural gas emits an estimated 70% less carbon dioxide that other fuels. natural gas burns cleaner than heating oil, and does not leave product, like ash, behind.Natural gas is very popular, and the major source of energy for most consumers. it is conveniently pumped to homes across the country through a network of underground pipeline. it is provided through a local providers and utility companies. 6Cost-effectiveNatural gas is more cost-effective because it is in rich supply in the unit ed states. this is further proven because natural gas, as opposed to oil, is not required for import from foreign countries.DisadvantagesOne disadvantage, ascribe as an advantage as well, is the environmental impact. experts on both sided advocate these facts. it is cleaner to burn. however, natural gas is also a non-renewable resource. its use and availableness is finite, as opposed to coal or oil. many critics also evidence natural gas extraction is leaving large craters within the earth. combustible materialDue to its make-up, natural gas is combustible and easily explosive if handled improperly. with a leak, the gas builds up within a room or structure. when that gas is ignited it causes an explosion. the severity of the explosion depends upon the amount of the leak.Natural gas is toxic if inhaled, leading to severe health risk or even death.BIBILOGRAPHY-www.ehow.comwww.naturalgas.orghttp//tonto.eia.doe.gov/kids/energy.cfm? summon=natural_gas_home-basicshttp//www.energyquest. ca.gov/story/chapter08.htmlhttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gashttp//www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/cng.htmlwww.ornl.gov/reporter/no16/methane.htmhttp//www.getenergyaware.org/energy-natural-gas.asphttp//www.kidzworld.com/article/1423-fossil-fuel-energy